ࡱ> xzqrstuvw` 00bjbjss )&0tEEEF,G.vJpJ~K~K~KL"L LJ-L-L-L-L-L-L-$1h3p-}LL}}p-~K~K4-B???}X~K~KJ-?}J-??&!.+~KJ Eէ%d+-H.&,4Z4.+4.+hL mL?քzLLLp-p-XLLL.}}}}  WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ________________________  INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (OF UNESCO) ________________________ JOINT WMO/IOC TECHNICAL COMMISSION FOR OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE METEOROLOGY (JCOMM) EXPERT TEAM ON MARITIME SAFETY SERVICES SECOND SESSION ANGRA DOS REIS, BRAZIL, 24 TO 27 JANUARY 2007ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3 (02.III.2007) __________ ITEM 4.2, 4.3 Original: ENGLISH GUIDELINES FOR THE PROVISION OF MSI RELATED TO TSUNAMIS (ORGANIZATION, CONTENT, FORMATS) (Submitted by Mr Henri Savina, Chairperson of the Expert Team on Maritime Safety Services (ETMSS), Mr Tim Rulon from the USA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Mr Toshihiko Hashida from Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Phil Parker from Bureau of Meteorology (Australia) and the Secretariat) Summary and Purpose of Document This document contains a discussion on draft guidelines for the dissemination of MSI related to tsunamis, for SOLAS or non-SOLAS vessels, including organization/responsibilities, type, content and formats for warnings to mariners. ACTION PROPOSED The Expert Team on Maritime Safety Services (ETMSS) is invited to note and comment on the proposal with a view to developing a work plan for the completion of the guidelines in conjunction with other key responsible intergovernmental organizations. ______________________ Appendices: A. The IMO-COMSAR/Circ. 36 (without annexes) B. The TWS operated by the USA (with samples of warnings) The TWS operated by Japan (with samples of warnings) D. The TWS operated by Australia (with samples of warnings) DISCUSSION Purpose 1.1 This paper discusses how the JCOMM might best support the provision of tsunami warnings under intergovernmental arrangements. In particular, provision of tsunami warnings to shipping has been the focus of concern by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which has taken an in-principle and unilateral decision to encourage dissemination of tsunami advices through the GMDSS SafetyNET system. Intervention by the JCOMM has alerted the IMO to the complex and developing intergovernmental arrangements for provision of operational tsunami warnings and the issues which need to be resolved in order to reduce duplication and complexity on the service provision side, and increase effectiveness and utility of future services for the user community. The arrangements that will govern the provision of broadcast tsunami advices by JCOMM Members are the subject of this paper. Background Role of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) 2.1.1 The IOC (of UNESCO) has been actively involved in promoting an end-to-end tsunami warning system in the Pacific since the inception of the International Coordination Group (ICG) for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (previously ITSU, now PTWS) in 1965. The PTWS was established to provide, on an international basis, timely tsunami warnings to alert the system's participants of the approach of a potentially destructive tsunami. The ICG provides information and guidance, and shares knowledge and experience with the IOC Member States in the region. 2.1.2 Following the 26 December 2004 undersea earthquake, the subsequent greatest tsunami in living memory and tragic death of hundreds of thousands of people, the IOC took the lead in coordinating activities for immediate action to establish a Tsunami Warning System (TWS) in the Indian Ocean. The immediate response included an interim tsunami advisory information system under the aegis of IOCs International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC) in cooperation with the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Hawaii and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), from 1 April 2005. 2.1.3 The IOC also created three additional regional Intergovernmental Coordination Groups (ICGs) as subsidiary bodies of the IOC, which together, with the existing ICG/PTWS and other relevant UN bodies, should form a global working group on tsunamis (and other ocean-related hazards) early-warning systems. The three new ICGs, the Indian Ocean (ICG/IOTWS), the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean (ICG/NEAMTWS), and the Caribbean and Adjacent Seas (ICG/CARTWS) have all met and are in the process of implementing plans for regional TWS. Role of WMO 2.2.1 In most countries, National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NHMS) are involved in national Tsunami Early-Warning Systems (TEWS). As for the PTWS, the WMO contributes and will continue to contribute, especially through the coordination of its Natural Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DPM) Programme, to the implementation of regional and national TEWS. Among others, we can highlight the contribution of the GTS (dissemination of warnings or advisories and the collection and dissemination of sea level observations) and the definition of a common CREX format for sea level data. For the Indian Ocean basin, the WMO contributed to the national assessments of the countries at risk, which were conducted between May and September 2005, to identify capacity building needs and support requirements for the establishment of an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS), as well as to coordinate the update of GTS systems in some of the countries involved. Role of JCOMM and ETMSS 2.3.1 JCOMM adopted Rec. 12 (JCOMM-II), to develop and implement a plan of action to contribute to the implementation and maintenance of marine multi-hazard warning systems for all ocean basins. An expert meeting on this subject was convened in Geneva, Switzerland in February 2006. The meeting adopted an action plan for the JCOMM contributions to Multi-hazard Warning Systems. Among the first set of actions identified as immediately feasible and to be undertaken by JCOMM within the next two years, one action under the responsibility of ETMSS addressed tsunamis, viz: Cooperate with the IHO and IMO to coordinate the provision of maritime safety information (MSI) related to tsunami warnings. 2.3.2 The MAN-IV (Geneva, October 2006) nominated Dr Rodrigo Nuez and Dr Craig Donlon as JCOMM Rapporteurs on DPM-related matters. The Committee urged the DPM Rapporteurs to work with the other JCOMM PA Coordinators in support of Disaster Risk Management (DRM), including liaison with DPM Rapporteurs of CBS and CHy for collaboration and strengthening of linkages for inter-commission activities. For tsunamis, in addition to the upgrade and enhancement of GLOSS stations, the implementation of the CREX code format for real-time GTS transmission and monitoring of sea level data and the action addressed for ETMSS was also identified, viz: Cooperate with the IMO and IHO in order to address the international organizations role (IOC, WMO, IHO and IMO) in the provision of Tsunami Maritime Safety Information (TMSI) (warnings and related information). Cooperation with other intergovernmental organizations 2.4.1 The IMO, through a proposal of its Sub-Committee on Radio Communications and Search and Rescue (COMSAR9, February 2005), endorsed by its Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), had offered the use of its maritime GMDSS communication facilities, particularly the International SafetyNET system, to distribute warnings from regional centres to both national authorities and vessels at sea (COMSAR/Circ. 36 see Appendix A). Tsunami warning centres and others wishing to use the International SafetyNET system were invited to register with the IMO International SafetyNET Co-ordinating Panel to become authorized data providers. To date, none have registered, but some of the regional organizations are still at a very early stage of development. 2.4.2 COMSAR-10 (February 2006) recognized that in respect of the threat to shipping: a tsunami poses a significant risk only to those ships in shallow waters and in port areas; ships in port are not required to maintain watch on GMDSS communications equipment, consequently a separate system for promulgating warning messages needs to be established within each port; tsunami warnings need to be rapidly sent to those ships most at risk. 2.4.3 Hence, COMSAR was of the opinion that the most important communication links were: between regional and national centres: new links being established appear to be predominantly by e-mail or through the GTS, however, the use of the SafetyNET system remains an option for IOC and relevant authorities if required; within nations to coastal regions and ports: while this is a national issue, the IMO, IHO and WMO can guide and support national authorities through national or regional CB programmes; to both SOLAS ships and non-SOLAS ships/fishing vessels in shallow coastal waters: NAVTEX can be used for these warnings, but there may be no stations covering the affected areas and non-SOLAS ships/fishing vessels may not carry suitable receiving equipment, therefore, other means such as local broadcasts and warnings on maritime VHF channels should be considered. 2.4.4 The COMSAR and the MSC recognized that further discussion on this subject was not necessary within the IMO, but that options to use the GMDSS communications facilities through either the relevant NAVAREA Coordinators or the METAREA Issuing Services, should remain available to national or regional centres if required by the IOC. This offer to the IOC was reiterated through an official letter as well as during the Executive Council of the IOC in June 2006. It was recognized that the IMO, WMO and IHO should continue to participate in ongoing discussions to ensure that maritime interests are not overlooked. 2.4.5 The need for cooperation between all organizations involved for the provision of MSI related to tsunamis was accepted by the IMO and IHO. During the meeting of the IHOs Committee for the Promulgation of Radio Navigation Warnings in September 2005 (CPRNW7), it was agreed to establish a special joint IMO/IHO/WMO/IOC working group to look at all issues and make recommendations that affect all interested organizations, to avoid duplication of ongoing or new activities. Additional discussions also took place during the CPRNW8 in September 2006. The ETMSS Chairperson was asked to prepare a proposal covering recommendations to be submitted to COMSAR as a joint paper by the IMO SafetyNET and NAVTEX Coordinating Panels. Issues to be resolved included in particular: a consistent understanding between the IMO, IHO, WMO, and IOC as to the exact role of each organization; the characterization of Tsunami Warnings (whether they are navigational warnings or meteorological warnings); and dissemination protocols. 3. Contribution of ETMSS 3.1 Even if tsunamis affect mainly onshore structures and communities, the JCOMMs responsibility is to ensure that maritime interests are not overlooked in the operation of TWS at national and regional levels, keeping in mind the vulnerability of SOLAS and non-SOLAS vessels, in shallow waters and in ports, and the rarity of the phenomenon. According to its Terms of Reference (ToR), the ETMSS shall make the best effort to contribute to and facilitate the dissemination of appropriate MSI related to tsunamis. 3.2 While the decision by the IMO, through its decision (COMSAR/Circular 36) to encourage the rebroadcast of tsunami warnings/advisories via the GMDSS SafetyNET service, is a significant contribution to the public good and for the safety of navigation, more permanent coordination arrangements need to be jointly developed. 3.3 Preparation of a tentative guidance scheme of operational relations and responsibilities between respective operational centres for the provision of MSI related to tsunamis, both during the building and operational phases of the regional TWS, is the responsibility of the ETMSS. The scheme will be developed in coordination with the IHO and IOC, for consideration by the IMO. 3.4 In addition, specifications for the warning message to be developed (advice type, content, format, priority status, etc.) should also be considered as a common source of metadata on tsunami advices, which should be used to update both the Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558) and the Guide on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 471). It would also be useful if they could also be used to update and harmonize the glossary, manuals and practices being developed by the IOC for all its regional TWS. 4. Proposed new tsunami warning service to shipping 4.1 Scope 4.1.1 A complete TWS consists of a real-time quake monitoring capability, a real-time sea level and wave monitoring capability, bathymetric models of coastal areas that can be used for analysis, and a communication system that can be used for the promulgation of warnings. The following discussion only deals with the preparation and dissemination of related MSI to mariners. 4.1.2 It should noted that the JCOMM treats SafetyNET as a prime means of promulgation of important MSI to a mass audience of interested users (generally vessels covered by SOLAS), rather than as a medium for sharing information between relevant or concerned authorities. It should also be noted, that messages disseminated via the SafetyNET service are transmitted very quickly in real-time, and can be received by anyone with a receiver. There is concern in some countries about such openness of this method, which may result in private individuals receiving a warning prior to the authorities, potentially creating unnecessary and uncontrolled panic. While tsunamis affect both ships at sea and in port, and port-side infrastructure, the national authorities have concerns, that given the imprecise nature of tsunami warnings (e.g., exact size of the tsunami, scale of potential damage more generally); an inappropriate response to the warning by another organization responsible for safety of shipping may create panic on land. 4.1.3 Two types of a tsunami warning messages regarding safety of navigation can be considered: The pre-tsunami message: where the mariner is being warned of a potential or imminent tsunami; and (ii) The post-tsunami message: this identifies damage to navigational aids, seafloor and shoreline changes, changes to the positional information of charted wrecks and new surface and subsurface hazards. 4.1.4 The ETMSS should consider only the pre-tsunami warning messages, as the post-tsunami messages are clearly Navigational Warnings and therefore under the coordination of the IHO. 4.2 Responsibilities of designated tsunami centres 4.2.1 Among operational centres potentially involved in the preparation and dissemination of MSI related to tsunamis, the main ones are: The Regional Tsunami Advisory Centres (RTAC); The National Tsunami Warning Centres (NTWC); The Meteorological Issuing Services; The NMHS; The NAVAREA Coordinators; and The National Hydrographic Services. 4.2.2 Some operational centres hold a plurality of activities. For instance, some NMHS have received a mandate to also operate as a NTWC. 4.2.3 The General Terms of Reference of RTAC and NTWC are described in document 4.1. 4.2.4 Discussions at the IOC have made it clear that there are issues of sovereignty associated with promulgating possible disaster warnings within areas of national responsibility, and these may affect decisions on which communication systems are used. Bulletins issued by RTAC are guidance or advisory for national and local authorities. The NTWC, being the authoritative tsunami warning agency for each country, territory, or administrative area is designated by its central government or administrative head. This agency has the fundamental responsibility for public safety in a tsunami emergency. The authority for issuing tsunami warning instructions to the public resides with this agency and not with RTAC. 4.2.5 That means the responsibility for preparing such warnings, both for SOLAS and non-SOLAS ships (concerning operations in mainly shallow coastal waters and ports), belongs to the national tsunami authority (i.e., the NTWC). Responsibility does not belong to either the RTAC or the Meteorological Issuing Service or NAVAREA Coordinator, which would normally be responsible for issuing other kinds MSI such as bulletins of weather and navigation information. There are grounds for seeking further clarification of these roles, as it is anticipated that as the Regional TWS are implemented and their supporting systems are further developed, automatic derivation of MSI from products prepared by RTAC products will become commonplace. It is also likely, that in order to minimize system decision pathways, especially in the case of a local tsunami, the RTAC may be given the responsibility rather than the NTWC. Role of JCOMM 4.3.1 The various responsibilities for issuing and disseminating tsunami advices need to be listed and regularly updated in international and regional TWS operational documentation. Information from these documents should be incorporated into WMO-No. 9, Vol. D, thereby providing a description of dissemination arrangements, at least for SOLAS vessels. The information will be updated and maintained by the WMO/JCOMM, with the support of the NTWC, the Issuing Services and the ICGs. SOLAS and non-SOLAS requirements 4.4.0 For dissemination aspects, it is important to note the difference between SOLAS and non-SOLAS vessels. As a general statement, according to the nature of the tsunami phenomenon and its rarity, automatic systems shall be designated for the transmission of the warning, from the agency in charge of the preparation to the agencies in charge of the dissemination at sea. Non-SOLAS 4.4.1.1 For non-SOLAS vessels, the national authorities decide which communication systems will be used to disseminate MSI to ship masters in port and in coastal areas. In general, for the dissemination at sea, the usual channels for dissemination of MSI, which it is presumed are widely known and available onboard ships, will be used. We have also to keep in mind that, according to the IMO Circular 36, SOLAS ships receiving such information through GMDSS channels are requested to retransmit this information to other ships in the area, including non-SOLAS vessels. In such a situation, the more re-transmission of vital information the better. The NTWC have to coordinate with the national agency responsible for the dissemination of MSI and the ports authorities, to implement appropriate emergency plans, including information, education and trials. In addition, like for other marine natural hazards, bilateral agreements with national or foreign public radio networks may be needed. The JCOMM, through the ETMSS, could help in defining such emergency plans. Cooperation with the ITIC could also be considered, to prepare general materials. SOLAS NAVTEX 4.4.2.1.1 For SOLAS ships, the communication systems used (outside some polar areas) are International NAVTEX and Inmarsat SafetyNET. For the areas covered by NAVTEX, the tsunami warnings should be disseminated at sea through this facility. The NTWC shall prepare the ad-hoc warnings (in English) and make the necessary arrangements with the NAVTEX operator concerned (local authority), if needed through the appropriate NMHS or national hydrographic service, for the broadcast of such information at sea, with the appropriate priority. METAREA Issuing Services have to ensure that appropriate arrangements are in place to keep the official documentation up to date. Bilateral agreements could be decided, as an interim phase or a permanent arrangement, either for the RTAC, a METAREA Issuing Service or a NAVAREA coordinator to prepare, on behalf of a NTWC, the appropriate NAVTEX messages. SafetyNET 4.4.2.2.1 For the area not covered by NAVTEX, the appropriate information should be made available through SafetyNET. According to COMSAR/Circ. 36, the RTAC and NTWC may directly issue such warnings on SafetyNET. This would be the best solution, to shorten the process first, but also to better keep under control the information provided for areas under national sovereignty. METAREA Issuing Services or NAVAREA Coordinators could provide technical support to centres that would decide to use this facility. 4.4.2.2.2 If some NTWC decide not to, or are unable to take that option, and disseminate the appropriate information by NAVTEX, they should conclude an appropriate agreement either with the RTAC (if the warning can be derived from RTAC products) or with the METAREA Issuing Service or the NAVAREA Coordinator concerned. All such arrangements should be clearly described in the official documentation. 4.4.2.2.3 From a practical point of view, it could be quite complicated for a METAREA Issuing Service or a NAVAREA Coordinator to deal with different practices for different countries (e.g., keeping operational documentation up-to-date, maintaining appropriate automatic processes, training of operational staff, etc.). It would be easier and more efficient for such warnings to be broadcast via SafetyNET either by the NTWC or RTAC. This practice should be promoted by the ICGs. 4.4.2.2.4 In some major events, SafetyNET could be considered the prime medium for promulgating tsunami warnings for all areas concerned. If so, appropriate criteria should be agreed at a regional level so that dissemination could be implemented directly from the RTAC. 4.4.2.2.5 In all cases, the METAREA Issuing Services and NAVAREA Coordinators need to receive in real-time, the warnings of advisories promulgated by the relevant NTWC and RTAC, and have clear procedures and tools to be able to react efficiently according to agreed roles and responsibilities. 4.4.2.2.6 The participation of relevant JCOMM experts in ICG sessions will facilitate the implementation and harmonize practises for the dissemination of MSI within the regional tsunami warning and mitigation systems networks. The opportunity offered by programmed system tests would also be useful for checking dissemination to mariners. Specifications type, content, format and priority status 4.4.3.1 There are a number of steps that need to be clearly identified to determine the specifications for the proposed new service. One of these would have been a feasibility analysis, which unfortunately has been pre-empted by the COMSAR Circular 36. Some of the complexities involved are further discussed under section 5 of this paper. 4.4.3.2 In order to help agencies in charge of the preparation of tsunami-related MSI, templates of warnings should be included or updated in the JCOMM documents (Manual on MMS No. 558, Guide on MMS No. 471) and in the IHO World-Wide Navigational Warning Service (WWNWS) guidance documents, as tsunamis are not an everyday occurrence. The IMO documents (such as A.706, NAVTEX and SafetyNET Manuals) should also be updated accordingly. Those templates should be established to ensure that the priority (status) and format are consistent, that the contents of the message meet the requirements of shipping for information about the tsunami hazards, and that the messages are well targeted and plainly understood. The MSI should be easily derived, if possible automatically prepared, from the existing or planned products from the RTAC or NTWC. 4.4.3.3 MSI prepared for mariners, in the form of tsunami warnings, need to be well targeted and plainly understandable (i.e., they must be clear and concise). In terms of conventional formats for warnings they should contain: A header denoting type (TSUNAMI WARNING), origin (preparing agency), date/hour, number of warning; Description of Area(s) concerned; Type of warning: tsunami observed (seismic and sea level detection) / risk of tsunami (seismic detection only) / test - to be discussed and fixed, at least for SOLAS vessels; Information on earthquake: location, date/hour, magnitude; Information on (potential) tsunami: intensity, for all areas affected by the MSI, estimated arrival time or travel time; General information related to the tsunami: level of uncertainty, information on duration, associated risks (sea level, currents). 4.4.3.4 In addition to information related to the phenomenon itself, some other general information or advices specific to mariners could also be included in the warnings, such as: general advice (e.g. avoid shallow waters or ports) (depth less than.); watch or ask for the information disseminated by the local ports authorities; disseminate the information by all means to neighbouring vessels. 4.4.3.5 Draft general sentences could be prepared for SOLAS vessels in coordination with the IHO. It will be up to the agencies responsible for the issuance of MSI to adapt the general format further, as appropriate or as needed. 4.4.3.6 In practice, it may not be practicable for lack of timeliness and other considerations for texts to be prepared specifically targeted for the GMDSS. It should be therefore incumbent upon TWSs, NAVAREA Coordinators, etc., to ensure that general warnings take shipping interests into account and that the current practices are documented. 4.4.3.7 For the GMDSS, codes to be used for the dissemination of advices via SafetyNET and NAVTEX require clarification. Advice from both Inmarsat and the IMO NAVTEX Co-ordinating Panel would be helpful in that regard. Basis of the JCOMM proposal 5.1 At the outset, it is necessary to precisely determine the purpose of a warning service for shipping in coastal areas. Such a service will be intended to alert ships either in imminent danger in or near ports or coastal sea lanes, or in potential danger in the near future if they stay on course towards the coast (say up to several hours sailing time). The service should therefore target those users very specifically. For very practical reasons, the JCOMM proposal should be based on existing TWS products, which are prepared by the RTAC and NTWC for authorities or the general public. Such products are already available in the Pacific, where the TWS has been operational for decades, and also in the Indian Ocean, through the advisories prepared by the PTWC and JMA as part of the current interim service. However, as discussed below, there may not be a simple or neat mapping of the existing suite of TWS products for JCOMM purposes. In particular, the frequency of updates and the varying degrees of contingency associated with them would seem to introduce a number of significant operational obstacles. For example, congestion on SafetyNET channels is likely to arise as an issue if hourly, or more frequent updates to bulletins are planned, especially if the bulletins are long and/or complex. Further, the question of how much information about the evolving situation much further afield, and the size of the risk (both probability and size of impact if known), is really necessary or useful to transmit? 5.2 Overviews of the TWS operated by the USA, Japan and Australia, including sample message types, are provided in Appendices B to D. 5.3 The bulletins provided by the PTWC, in particular, provide a good starting point and basis for developing a set of message types suitable for adoption for the JCOMM service. Further additional information on products prepared by the RTAC can be obtained in the Communications Plans of the Regional TWS (e.g., see:  HYPERLINK "http://www.tsunamiwave.info/" http://www.tsunamiwave.info/). The PTWC advices take the form of Warnings, Watches, Advisories, and Information Tsunami Statements, with each different type of message having varying threat levels. Tsunami products transmitted via the GMDSS are the same products transmitted to emergency authorities and the public, to eliminate delays and errors inherent in creating multiple versions of products. There are six basic types of messages as summarized below. 5.4 These definitions are not the definitions currently being used operationally, but are the latest under consideration based on experience gained from the 15 June 2006 event that the Tsunami Advisory is using as the third highest level of alert, but poses no threat to the local area while the Tsunami Information Statement may actually caution about the possibility of a destructive local tsunami. Work to finalize these definitions is ongoing. i. Tsunami Warning. Warnings are issued when a potential tsunami with significant inundation is imminent or expected. Warnings alert residents that widespread, dangerous coastal flooding accompanied by powerful currents is possible and may continue for several hours after arrival of the initial wave. Warnings also alert emergency management officials to take action for the entire tsunami hazard zone. Appropriate actions to be taken by local officials may include the evacuation of low-lying coastal areas and the repositioning of ships to deep waters when there is time to safely do so. Warnings may be updated (at least hourly), adjusted geographically, downgraded, or cancelled. To provide the earliest possible alert, initial warnings are normally based only on seismic information. ii. Tsunami Watch. Watches are issued to alert emergency management officials and coastal residents of an event which may later impact the Watch area. The Watch region may be upgraded to a Warning or Advisory (or cancelled), based on updated information and analysis. Therefore, emergency management officials and coastal residents should prepare to take action in case the Watch is upgraded. Watches are normally issued based on seismic information without confirmation that a destructive tsunami is underway. iii. Tsunami Advisory. Advisories are issued due to the threat of a potential tsunami which may produce strong currents dangerous to those in or near the water. Coastal regions historically prone to damage due to strong currents are at the greatest risk. The threat may continue for several hours after the initial wave arrival, but significant widespread inundation is not expected for areas under an Advisory. Appropriate actions to be taken by local officials may include closing beaches and evacuating harbours and marinas, and the repositioning of ships to deep waters when there is time to safely do so. Advisories are normally updated at least hourly to continue the Advisory, expand/contract affected areas, upgrade to a Warning, or cancel the Advisory. iv. Tsunami Information Statement. Information Statements are issued to inform emergency management officials and coastal residents that an earthquake has occurred. In most cases, Information Statements indicate there is no threat of a destructive tsunami, and they are issued to prevent unnecessary evacuations as the earthquake may have been felt in coastal areas. An Information Statement may, in appropriate situations, caution about the possibility of destructive local tsunamis. Information Statements may be re-issued with additional information, though normally these messages are not updated. However, a Watch, Advisory or Warning may be issued for the area, if necessary, after analysis and/or updated information becomes available. v. Warning Cancellation. A final text product indicating the end of the damaging tsunami threat. A cancellation is usually issued after an evaluation of sea level data confirms that a destructive tsunami will not impact the warned area. vi. Test A test message is issued at unannounced times on approximately a monthly basis to determine delays in disseminating tsunami bulletins, to test the operation of the warning system by requiring a response, and to keep operations staff familiar with the procedures for handling tsunami message traffic. 5.5 Regarding types i and ii, we can notice especially the Pacific-Wide Tsunami Warning Bulletin (issued after confirmation of tsunami waves capable of causing a threat in all of the Pacific Basin), Regional Expanding Tsunami Warning and Watch Bulletin (possibility of a widely destructive tsunami: Tsunami Warning status will encompass regions having less than 3 hours until the estimated time of tsunami arrival; the areas having 3 to 6 hours will be placed in a Watch status) and Regional Fixed Tsunami Warning Bulletin (The area placed in Tsunami Warning status encompasses coastal regions within 1000-km of the earthquake epicentre, and does not expand). 5.6 In the context of a JCOMM-coordinated service, messages of type vi (i.e., tests) would be useful for evaluation of real-time response and effectiveness. The application of the bulletin types i-iii will need careful and close analysis in partnership with the IMO, IMO, national shipping and port management authorities. A set of minimum requirements needs to be developed to enable the service specifications to be soundly established. This aspect of the project clearly needs further in-depth analysis and consideration. Elements that are likely to be important in determining the nature of the warnings (with the IOC, IMO and IHO) include: Lead time: How many hours warning time is sufficient? Probably 4-6 hours for long distance tsunamis, but much less for events having their seismic epicentre closer to shore; Impact including height: How useful will the warning be if an estimate of impact (height of wave on impact) is not available? Level of threat: Should the kind of advice conveyed in the type i bulletin, in the initial phase, constitute a warning? Local variations: Impact will vary along a coastline depending on geography (embayments, headlands, etc.) and bottom topography. Can a general warning be sufficient with perhaps qualifications for those areas known to be more at risk or to have received larger impacts in the past? Significant tsunami thresholds: Will it be possible to use a threshold below which warnings will not be required? For example, how will the predicted scale of the event (e.g., major, moderate and minor) affect the issue of warnings? Will all tsunamis be warned even if small impact (e.g., less than 0.5m) is anticipated? Frequency of updates: May be possible to recommend an optimal update period, but this may be difficult to pin down if the warnings are being updated hourly, or more frequently, by the issuing centres; Overload: The risk of overloading the SafetyNET system, and on the bridge as messages are received on-board ships, needs to be carefully evaluated, especially given the fairly high rate of initial advices for events, which do not materialise into real and/or significant tsunamis. .. Conclusion and recommendations 6.1 While the coordination of effort between the JCOMM and the other key intergovernmental organizations, on developing the new service, is at a relatively early stage, the ETMSS is in a position to scope the shape and direction of future discussions and negotiations. The major issues have been identified in this paper. Input from the broader community of interests involved with providing MSI to ships and the response agencies who will be involved in providing other supporting or emergency services in the case of a significant tsunami event is now required to specify more precisely the operational characteristics of the service. Further involvement of the centres issuing tsunami advice bulletins/warnings will be required to ensure that the service meets the end-user needs and can be implemented and operated in the long term without major obstacles or difficulties. 6.2 It is recommended that an ETMSS ad hoc Working Group, comprising at least two ETMSS Members, be established to fast-track the warning specification, in collaboration with representatives from the IHO and from the major operational tsunami centres in each of the IOC ICGs, to be identified. The outcome to be submitted through the joint WMO-IOC-IHO-IMO group that has been addressing the outstanding operational issues, if possible before the end of 2007. _____________ Appendices: 4 IMO-COMSAR/Circ.36 (without annexes)  EMBED AcroExch.Document.7  EMBED AcroExch.Document.7  The TWS operated by the USA (with samples of warnings) USA operates two Tsunami Warning Centers. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), located at Ewa Beach, Oahu, Hawaii is a RTAC for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific. In this capacity, the PTWC provides information on earthquakes in the Pacific basin to Member States of the IOC/PTWS, as well as to others who may be threatened by tsunamis resulting from these earthquakes. The PTWC is also the NTWC for Hawaii, US possessions, US interests in the Pacific, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The PTWC is in the final planning stages to act as an RTAC for the wider Caribbean. On an interim basis, the PTWC also provides advisory information for the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. The West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC/ATWC) located in Palmer, Alaska is the NTWC for the U.S. Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Alaskan, and Pacific West Coasts, as well as the east and west coasts of Canada. The information provided by these two centers usually takes the form of Warnings, Watches, Advisories, and Information Tsunami Bulletins/Statements, representing varying threat levels. Tsunami products transmitted via the GMDSS are the same products transmitted to emergency authorities and the public to eliminate delays and errors inherent in creating multiple versions of products. Broadcast of tsunami Warnings, Watches and Advisories via NAVTEX have been implemented since 1999. As of December 2006, final arrangements by the U.S. are being made to broadcast these via SafetyNET as follows: SATELLITE METAREA WARNING AREA WMO IDs_____________ None None Indian Ocean2 WEIO21PHEB WEIO23PHEB AOR-W,AOE,POR XII Pacific, South China Sea2 WEPA40PHEB POR XII Hawaii WEHW40PHEB WEHW50PHEB1 AOR-W,AOE IV Puerto Rico & VI WECA42PHEB AOR-W,POR XII AK, Canada, WA, OR, CA WEPA41PAAQ WEAK51PAAQ1 AOR-W,AOE IV Canada, East Coast and Gulf WEXX20PAAQ WEXX30PAAQ1 AOR-W,AOE IV Caribbean (Planned) These products are intended for the general public and also contain action statements and general information on the potential impacts of a tsunami. Further public products are in development. Interim service, advisory information only For links to examples and current products see:  HYPERLINK "http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/ptwc/" Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/ptwc/ West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC/ATWC) http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov Tsunami warnings are further distributed by a variety of other means beyond those which are part of the GMDSS, these include: NOAA Weather Radio, U.S. Coast Guard HF/MF/VHF voice broadcasts, U.S. Coast Guard HF SITOR, and the Internet (http, ftp and e-mail). Products are available and in further development to make marine forecasts available using hand-held computers and wireless devices such as cellular phones, which are experiencing explosive growth. Sample of initial Tsunami Expanding Regional Warning (Pacific Ocean) TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 001 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 1542Z 03 MAY 2006 THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE PACIFIC BASIN EXCEPT ALASKA - BRITISH COLUMBIA - WASHINGTON - OREGON - CALIFORNIA. ... A TSUNAMI WARNING AND WATCH ARE IN EFFECT ... A TSUNAMI WARNING IS IN EFFECT FOR FIJI / NEW ZEALAND FOR ALL OTHER PACIFIC AREAS, THIS MESSAGE IS AN ADVISORY ONLY. AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME - 1527Z 03 MAY 2006 COORDINATES - 19.9 SOUTH 174.2 WEST LOCATION - TONGA ISLANDS MAGNITUDE - 8.1 EVALUATION IT IS NOT KNOWN THAT A TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED. THIS WARNING IS BASED ONLY ON THE EARTHQUAKE EVALUATION. AN EARTHQUAKE OF THIS SIZE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO GENERATE A DESTRUCTIVE TSUNAMI THAT CAN STRIKE COASTLINES NEAR THE EPICENTER WITHIN MINUTES AND MORE DISTANT COASTLINES WITHIN HOURS. AUTHORITIES SHOULD TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION IN RESPONSE TO THIS POSSIBILITY. THIS CENTER WILL MONITOR SEA LEVEL DATA FROM GAUGES NEAR THE EARTHQUAKE TO DETERMINE IF A TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED AND ESTIMATE THE SEVERITY OF THE THREAT. ESTIMATED INITIAL TSUNAMI WAVE ARRIVAL TIMES. ACTUAL ARRIVAL TIMES MAY DIFFER AND THE INITIAL WAVE MAY NOT BE THE LARGEST. THE TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE TSUNAMI WAVES CAN BE FIVE MINUTES TO ONE HOUR. LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FIJI SUVA 18.1S 178.4E 1713Z 03 MAY NEW ZEALAND GISBORNE 38.1S 176.4E 1821Z 03 MAY EAST CAPE 36.2S 175.1E 1854Z 03 MAY LYTTELTON 43.6S 172.7E 2005Z 03 MAY NEW PLYMOUTH 39.1S 174.1E 2027Z 03 MAY DUNEDIN 45.9S 170.5E 2040Z 03 MAY MILFORD SOUND 44.6S 167.9E 2108Z 03 MAY WESTPORT 41.8S 171.6E 2108Z 03 MAY BLUFF 46.6S 168.3E 2154Z 03 MAY BULLETINS WILL BE ISSUED HOURLY OR SOONER IF CONDITIONS WARRANT. THE TSUNAMI WARNING AND WATCH WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. THE WEST COAST/ALASKA TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER WILL ISSUE BULLETINS FOR ALASKA - BRITISH COLUMBIA - WASHINGTON - OREGON - CALIFORNIA. Sample of the following Tsunami Fixed Regional Warning (Pacific Ocean) TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 002 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 1631Z 03 MAY 2006 THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE PACIFIC BASIN EXCEPT ALASKA - BRITISH COLUMBIA - WASHINGTON - OREGON - CALIFORNIA. ... A TSUNAMI WARNING IS IN EFFECT ... A TSUNAMI WARNING IS IN EFFECT FOR TONGA / NIUE / AMERICAN SAMOA / SAMOA / WALLIS-FUTUNA / FIJI FOR ALL OTHER PACIFIC AREAS, THIS MESSAGE IS AN ADVISORY ONLY. AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME - 1527Z 03 MAY 2006 COORDINATES - 19.9 SOUTH 174.2 WEST LOCATION - TONGA ISLANDS MAGNITUDE - 7.8 EVALUATION IT IS NOT KNOWN THAT A TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED. THIS WARNING IS BASED ONLY ON THE EARTHQUAKE EVALUATION. AN EARTHQUAKE OF THIS SIZE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO GENERATE A DESTRUCTIVE TSUNAMI THAT CAN STRIKE COASTLINES IN THE REGION NEAR THE EPICENTER WITHIN MINUTES TO HOURS. AUTHORITIES IN THE REGION SHOULD TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION IN RESPONSE TO THIS POSSIBILITY. THIS CENTER WILL CONTINUE TO MONITOR SEA LEVEL GAUGES NEAREST THE REGION AND REPORT IF ANY TSUNAMI WAVE ACTIVITY IS OBSERVED. THE WARNING WILL NOT EXPAND TO OTHER AREAS OF THE PACIFIC UNLESS ADDITIONAL DATA ARE RECEIVED TO WARRANT SUCH AN EXPANSION. ESTIMATED INITIAL TSUNAMI WAVE ARRIVAL TIMES. ACTUAL ARRIVAL TIMES MAY DIFFER AND THE INITIAL WAVE MAY NOT BE THE LARGEST. THE TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE TSUNAMI WAVES CAN BE FIVE MINUTES TO ONE HOUR. LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TONGA NUKUALOFA 21.0S 175.2W 1551Z 03 MAY NIUE NIUE IS. 19.0S 170.0W 1557Z 03 MAY AMERICAN SAMOA PAGO PAGO 14.3S 170.7W 1620Z 03 MAY SAMOA APIA 13.8S 171.8W 1622Z 03 MAY WALLIS-FUTUNA WALLIS IS. 13.2S 176.2W 1643Z 03 MAY FIJI SUVA 18.5S 178.5E 1704Z 03 MAY BULLETINS WILL BE ISSUED HOURLY OR SOONER IF CONDITIONS WARRANT. THE TSUNAMI WARNING WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. THE WEST COAST/ALASKA TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER WILL ISSUE BULLETINS FOR ALASKA - BRITISH COLUMBIA - WASHINGTON - OREGON - CALIFORNIA. Sample of the cancellation of the Tsunami Fixed Regional Warning (Pacific Ocean) TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 003 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 1736Z 03 MAY 2006 THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE PACIFIC BASIN EXCEPT ALASKA - BRITISH COLUMBIA - WASHINGTON - OREGON - CALIFORNIA. ... TSUNAMI WARNING CANCELLATION ... THE TSUNAMI WARNING IS CANCELLED FOR ALL COASTAL AREAS AND ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC OUTSIDE OF ALASKA - BRITISH COLOMBIA - WASHINGTON - OREGON - CALIFORNIA. THOSE AREAS SHOULD REFER TO MESSAGES FROM THE WEST COAST AND ALASKA TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER. AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME - 1527Z 03 MAY 2006 COORDINATES - 19.9 SOUTH 174.2 WEST LOCATION - TONGA ISLANDS MAGNITUDE - 7.8 MEASUREMENTS OR REPORTS OF TSUNAMI WAVE ACTIVITY GAUGE LOCATION LAT LON TIME AMPL PER ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PAGO PAGO 14.3S 170.7W 1636Z 0.15M 24MIN NIUE 19.1S 169.9W 1603Z 0.21M 10MIN TIME - TIME OF THE MEASUREMENT AMPL - AMPLITUDE IN METERS FROM MIDDLE TO CREST OR MIDDLE TO TROUGH OR HALF OF THE CREST TO TROUGH PER - PERIOD OF TIME FROM ONE WAVE CREST TO THE NEXT EVALUATION SEA LEVEL READINGS INDICATE A TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED. IT MAY HAVE BEEN DESTRUCTIVE ALONG COASTS NEAR THE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER. FOR THOSE AREAS - WHEN NO MAJOR WAVES ARE OBSERVED FOR TWO HOURS AFTER THE ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL OR DAMAGING WAVES HAVE NOT OCURRED FOR AT LEAST TWO HOURS THEN LOCAL AUTHORITIES CAN ASSUME THE THREAT IS PASSED. DANGER TO BOATS AND COASTAL STRUCTURES CAN CONTINUE FOR SEVERAL HOURS DUE TO RAPID CURRENTS. AS LOCAL CONDITIONS CAN CAUSE A WIDE VARIATION IN TSUNAMI WAVE ACTION THE ALL CLEAR DETERMINATION MUST BE MADE BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES NO TSUNAMI THREAT EXISTS FOR OTHER COASTAL AREAS IN THE PACIFIC ALTHOUGH SOME OTHER AREAS MAY EXPERIENCE SMALL SEA LEVEL CHANGES. THE TSUNAMI WARNING IS CANCELLED. THIS WILL BE THE FINAL BULLETIN ISSUED FOR THIS EVENT UNLESS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. THE WEST COAST/ALASKA TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER WILL ISSUE BULLETINS FOR ALASKA - BRITISH COLUMBIA - WASHINGTON - OREGON - CALIFORNIA. Sample of local Tsunami Watch Bulletin (Indian Ocean Advisory) TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 001 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 0836Z 17 JUL 2006 THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN. ... A LOCAL TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT ... A TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT FOR AUSTRALIA / INDONESIA FOR OTHER AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION, THIS MESSAGE IS AN ADVISORY ONLY. AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME - 0819Z 17 JUL 2006 COORDINATES - 9.3 SOUTH 107.3 EAST LOCATION - SOUTH OF JAWA INDONESIA MAGNITUDE - 7.2 EVALUATION A DESTRUCTIVE WIDESPREAD TSUNAMI THREAT DOES NOT EXIST BASED ON HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DATA. HOWEVER - THERE IS THE POSSIBILITY OF A LOCAL TSUNAMI THAT COULD AFFECT COASTS LOCATED USUALLY NO MORE THAN A HUNDRED KILOMETERS FROM THE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER. AUTHORITIES FOR THE REGION NEAR THE EPICENTER SHOULD BE AWARE OF THIS POSSIBILITY. AREAS FURTHER FROM THE EPICENTER COULD EXPERIENCE SMALL SEA LEVEL CHANGES AND STRONG OR UNUSUAL COASTAL CURRENTS. DUE TO ONLY LIMITED SEA LEVEL DATA FROM THE REGION IT IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR THIS CENTER TO RAPIDLY NEITHER CONFIRM NOR EVALUATE THE STRENGTH OF A TSUNAMI IF ONE HAS BEEN GENERATED. ESTIMATED INITIAL TSUNAMI WAVE ARRIVAL TIMES. ACTUAL ARRIVAL TIMES MAY DIFFER AND THE INITIAL WAVE MAY NOT BE THE LARGEST. THE TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE TSUNAMI WAVES CAN BE FIVE MINUTES TO ONE HOUR. LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AUSTRALIA CHRISTMAS IS 10.4S 105.4E 0836Z 17 JUL INDONESIA CILACAP 7.8S 108.9E 0900Z 17 JUL THIS WILL BE THE ONLY BULLETIN ISSUED BY THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER FOR THIS EVENT UNLESS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. THE JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY MAY ISSUE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR THIS EVENT. Sample of Ocean-Wide Tsunami Watch Bulletin (Indian Ocean advisory) TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 001 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 0149Z 11 APR 2005 THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN. ... AN INDIAN-OCEAN-WIDE TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT ... A TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT FOR INDONESIA / INDIA / AUSTRALIA / THAILAND / SRI LANKA / MYANMAR / MALDIVES / UNITED KINGDOM / MALAYSIA / BANGLADESH / MAURITIUS / SEYCHELLES / REUNION / OMAN / SOMALIA / MADAGASCAR / PAKISTAN / IRAN / YEMEN / COMORES / KENYA / MOZAMBIQUE / TANZANIA / CROZET ISLANDS / KERGUELEN ISLANDS / SOUTH AFRICA / SINGAPORE FOR OTHER AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION, THIS MESSAGE IS AN ADVISORY ONLY. AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME - 0100Z 11 APR 2005 COORDINATES - 1.3 NORTH 97.5 EAST LOCATION - NORTHERN SUMATERA INDONESIA MAGNITUDE - 8.2 EVALUATION EARTHQUAKES OF THIS SIZE HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO GENERATE A WIDESPREAD DESTRUCTIVE TSUNAMI THAT CAN AFFECT COASTLINES ACROSS THE ENTIRE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN. HOWEVER - IT IS NOT KNOWN THAT A TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED. THIS WATCH IS BASED ONLY ON THE EARTHQUAKE EVALUATION. AUTHORITIES IN THE REGION SHOULD TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION IN RESPONSE TO THE POSSIBILITY OF A WIDESPREAD DESTRUCTIVE TSUNAMI. DUE TO ONLY LIMITED SEA LEVEL DATA FROM THE REGION IT IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR THIS CENTER TO RAPIDLY NEITHER CONFIRM NOR EVALUATE THE STRENGTH OF A TSUNAMI IF ONE HAS BEEN GENERATED. ESTIMATED INITIAL TSUNAMI WAVE ARRIVAL TIMES. ACTUAL ARRIVAL TIMES MAY DIFFER AND THE INITIAL WAVE MAY NOT BE THE LARGEST. THE TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE TSUNAMI WAVES CAN BE FIVE MINUTES TO ONE HOUR. LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDONESIA SIMEULUE 2.5N 96.0E 0134Z 11 APR SIBERUT 1.5S 98.7E 0144Z 11 APR PADANG 0.9S 100.1E 0214Z 11 APR BANDA ACEH 5.5N 95.1E 0223Z 11 APR BENGKULU 3.9S 102.0E 0238Z 11 APR BANDAR LAMPUNG 6.0S 105.5E 0338Z 11 APR CILACAP 7.8S 108.9E 0351Z 11 APR BALI 9.0S 115.5E 0433Z 11 APR BELAWAN 3.8N 98.8E 0544Z 11 APR KUPANG 10.0S 123.4E 0549Z 11 APR INDIA GREAT NICOBAR 7.1N 93.6E 0236Z 11 APR LITTLE ANDAMAN 10.7N 92.3E 0314Z 11 APR PORT BLAIR 11.9N 92.7E 0338Z 11 APR NORTH ANDAMAN 13.3N 92.6E 0343Z 11 APR CHENNAI 13.4N 80.4E 0432Z 11 APR KAKINADA 17.2N 82.7E 0456Z 11 APR TRIVANDRUM 8.0N 77.0E 0508Z 11 APR BALESHWAR 21.6N 87.3E 0604Z 11 APR MANGALORE 13.3N 74.4E 0641Z 11 APR BOMBAY 18.8N 72.6E 0908Z 11 APR GULF OF KUTCH 22.7N 68.9E 0917Z 11 APR AUSTRALIA COCOS ISLAND 12.1S 96.7E 0304Z 11 APR CHRISTMAS IS 10.4S 105.4E 0311Z 11 APR NORTH WEST CAPE 21.5S 113.9E 0520Z 11 APR CAPE INSPIRATIO 25.9S 113.0E 0616Z 11 APR CAPE LEVEQUE 16.1S 122.6E 0637Z 11 APR PERTH 32.0S 115.3E 0638Z 11 APR AUGUSTA 34.3S 114.7E 0644Z 11 APR GERALDTOWN 28.6S 114.3E 0648Z 11 APR ESPERANCE 34.0S 121.8E 0824Z 11 APR KINGSTON SOUTH 37.0S 139.4E 0957Z 11 APR EUCLA MOTEL 31.8S 128.9E 1006Z 11 APR DARWIN 12.1S 130.7E 1017Z 11 APR HEARD ISLAND 54.0S 73.5E 1031Z 11 APR HOBART 43.3S 147.6E 1059Z 11 APR THAILAND PHUKET 8.0N 98.2E 0350Z 11 APR KO PHRA THONG 9.1N 98.2E 0425Z 11 APR KO TARUTAO 6.6N 99.6E 0504Z 11 APR SRI LANKA DONDRA HEAD 6.0N 81.0E 0351Z 11 APR TRINCOMALEE 8.7N 81.3E 0352Z 11 APR COLOMBO 7.0N 79.5E 0415Z 11 APR JAFFNA 9.9N 80.0E 0508Z 11 APR MYANMAR PYINKAYAING 16.0N 94.0E 0417Z 11 APR CHEDUBA ISLAND 18.9N 93.4E 0456Z 11 APR SITTWE 20.0N 92.9E 0523Z 11 APR MERGUI 12.8N 98.4E 0543Z 11 APR YANGON 16.0N 96.5E 0559Z 11 APR MALDIVES GAN 0.6S 73.2E 0447Z 11 APR MALE 4.2N 73.6E 0458Z 11 APR MINICOV 8.3N 73.0E 0522Z 11 APR UNITED KINGDOM DIEGO GARCIA 7.3S 72.4E 0459Z 11 APR MALAYSIA GEORGETOWN 5.4N 100.1E 0547Z 11 APR PORT DICKSON 2.5N 101.7E 0925Z 11 APR BANGLADESH CHITTAGONG 22.7N 91.2E 0711Z 11 APR MAURITIUS PORT LOUIS 20.0S 57.3E 0746Z 11 APR SEYCHELLES VICTORIA 4.5S 55.6E 0806Z 11 APR REUNION ST DENIS 20.8S 55.2E 0809Z 11 APR OMAN DUQM 19.7N 57.8E 0830Z 11 APR SALALAH 17.0N 54.5E 0831Z 11 APR MUSCAT 23.9N 58.6E 0850Z 11 APR SOMALIA HILALAYA 6.5N 49.5E 0838Z 11 APR CAPE GUARO 11.9N 51.4E 0848Z 11 APR MOGADISHU 2.0N 45.5E 0903Z 11 APR KAAMBOONI 1.5S 41.9E 0928Z 11 APR MADAGASCAR ANTSIRANANA 12.1S 49.5E 0842Z 11 APR TOAMASINA 17.8S 49.6E 0850Z 11 APR MANAKARA 22.0S 48.5E 0901Z 11 APR MAHAJANGA 15.4S 46.2E 0947Z 11 APR CAP STE MARIE 25.8S 45.2E 0957Z 11 APR TOLIARA 23.4S 43.6E 1026Z 11 APR PAKISTAN GWADAR 25.1N 62.4E 0845Z 11 APR KARACHI 24.7N 66.9E 0937Z 11 APR IRAN GAVATER 25.0N 61.3E 0852Z 11 APR YEMEN AL MUKALLA 14.5N 49.5E 0913Z 11 APR ADEN 13.0N 45.5E 1003Z 11 APR COMORES MORONI 11.6S 43.3E 0943Z 11 APR KENYA MOMBASA 4.0S 40.0E 0957Z 11 APR MOZAMBIQUE CABO DELGADO 10.5S 41.0E 0959Z 11 APR ANGOCHE 15.5S 41.0E 1017Z 11 APR QUELIMANE 18.0S 37.1E 1149Z 11 APR MAPUTO 25.9S 32.8E 1201Z 11 APR BEIRA 19.9S 35.1E 1238Z 11 APR TANZANIA LINDI 9.8S 39.9E 1007Z 11 APR DAR ES SALAAM 6.7S 39.4E 1007Z 11 APR CROZET ISLANDS CROZET ISLANDS 46.4S 51.8E 1013Z 11 APR KERGUELEN IS. PORT AUX FRANCA 49.0S 69.5E 1052Z 11 APR SOUTH AFRICA PRINCE EDWARD I 46.6S 37.6E 1149Z 11 APR DURBAN 29.8S 31.2E 1157Z 11 APR PORT ELIZABETH 33.9S 25.8E 1242Z 11 APR CAPE TOWN 34.1S 18.0E 1359Z 11 APR SINGAPORE SINGAPORE 1.2N 103.8E 1502Z 11 APR THIS WILL BE THE ONLY BULLETIN ISSUED BY THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER FOR THIS EVENT UNLESS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Sample of Initial Public Tsunami Warning (Atlantic Ocean) WEXX30 PAAQ 172109 TSUATE BULLETIN PUBLIC TSUNAMI MESSAGE NUMBER 1 NWS WEST COAST/ALASKA TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER PALMER AK 409 PM EST FRI FEB 17 2006 ...THIS MESSAGE IS FOR TEST PURPOSES TO SHOW AN EXAMPLE WEXX30 MESSAGE... ...A TEST TSUNAMI WARNING IS IN EFFECT WHICH INCLUDES THE FLORIDA - GEORGIA - SOUTH CAROLINA AND NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL AREAS FROM FLAGLER BEACH FLORIDA TO DUCK NORTH CAROLINA... A TSUNAMI WARNING MEANS... ALL COASTAL RESIDENTS IN THE WARNING AREA WHO ARE NEAR THE BEACH OR IN LOW-LYING REGIONS SHOULD MOVE IMMEDIATELY INLAND TO HIGHER GROUND AND AWAY FROM ALL HARBORS AND INLETS INCLUDING THOSE SHELTERED DIRECTLY FROM THE SEA. THOSE FEELING THE EARTH SHAKE... SEEING UNUSUAL WAVE ACTION... OR THE WATER LEVEL RISING OR RECEDING MAY HAVE ONLY A FEW MINUTES BEFORE THE TSUNAMI ARRIVAL AND SHOULD EVACUATE IMMEDIATELY. HOMES AND SMALL BUILDINGS ARE NOT DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND TSUNAMI IMPACTS. DO NOT STAY IN THESE STRUCTURES. ALL RESIDENTS WITHIN THE WARNED AREA SHOULD BE ALERT FOR INSTRUCTIONS BROADCAST FROM THEIR LOCAL CIVIL AUTHORITIES. THIS TSUNAMI WARNING IS BASED SOLELY ON EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION - THE TSUNAMI HAS NOT YET BEEN CONFIRMED. AT 350 PM EASTERN STANDARD TIME ON FEBRUARY 17 AN EARTHQUAKE WITH PRELIMINARY MAGNITUDE 7.2 OCCURRED 100 MILES SOUTH OF MYRTLE BEACH SOUTH CAROLINA. THIS EARTHQUAKE MAY HAVE GENERATED A TSUNAMI. IF A TSUNAMI HAS BEEN GENERATED THE WAVES WILL FIRST REACH SOUTH SANTEE RIVER SOUTH CAROLINA AT 537 PM EST ON FEBRUARY 17. ESTIMATED TSUNAMI ARRIVAL TIMES AND MAPS ALONG WITH SAFETY RULES AND OTHER INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND ON THE WEB SITE WCATWC.ARH.NOAA.GOV. TSUNAMIS CAN BE DANGEROUS WAVES THAT ARE NOT SURVIVABLE. WAVE HEIGHTS ARE AMPLIFIED BY IRREGULAR SHORELINE AND ARE DIFFICULT TO PREDICT. TSUNAMIS OFTEN APPEAR AS A STRONG SURGE AND MAY BE PRECEDED BY A RECEDING WATER LEVEL. MARINERS IN WATER DEEPER THAN 600 FEET SHOULD NOT BE AFFECTED BY A TSUNAMI. WAVE HEIGHTS WILL INCREASE RAPIDLY AS WATER SHALLOWS. TSUNAMIS ARE A SERIES OF OCEAN WAVES WHICH CAN BE DANGEROUS FOR SEVERAL HOURS AFTER THE INITIAL WAVE ARRIVAL. DO NOT RETURN TO EVACUATED AREAS UNTIL AN ALL CLEAR IS GIVEN BY LOCAL CIVIL AUTHORITIES. ADDITIONAL MESSAGES WILL BE ISSUED HALF-HOURLY OR SOONER IF CONDITIONS WARRANT. THE TSUNAMI WARNING WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO... YOUR LOCAL TV OR RADIO STATIONS... OR SEE THE WEB SITE WCATWC.ARH.NOAA.GOV. THIS IS A TEST MESSAGE. DO NOT TAKE ACTION BASED ON THIS MESSAGE. $$ The TWS Operated by Japan (with Samples of Warnings) The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is responsible for issuance of tsunami warning/advisory and tsunami information to the relevant organizations in Japan. The JMA also provides Northwest Pacific Tsunami Advisory (NWPTA) to countries around the Northwest Pacific as reference and supplement to the tsunami bulletins issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) of the USA so that the recipient countries take appropriate actions against threat of tsunami. Moreover, the JMA provides Tsunami Watch Information (TWI) to countries in the Indian Ocean region on an interim basis until tsunami warning system becomes fully operational in the region. 1) Tsunami forecast bulletins of the JMA for domestic use are different from those of the PTWC. The JMAs tsunami forecast bulletins are categorized into three: Tsunami Warning, Tsunami Advisory, and Tsunami Information. The JMA issues tsunami warnings and/or advisories for the coastal regions of the country where threat of tsunami exists. Such coastal regions are set beforehand by splitting Japanese coast into 66 blocks. Whether the JMA issues tsunami warning and/or advisory or not depends on estimated maximum tsunami height. Tsunami height is estimated from the earthquake parameters including latitude, longitude, depth and magnitude derived from the analysis of the seismic observation data, and tsunami simulation database which were calculated in advance. Tsunami information is issued as supplementary information of tsunami warning and/or advisory, in which estimated arrival time and height of tsunami at coasts are described in detail. When tsunamis are actually observed at tide gauges, observed arrival time and tsunami of tsunamis are described accordingly. Tsunami warning and/or advisory are cancelled, upgraded or downgraded based on tsunami observations. Categories of tsunami forecast bulletins are shown in Table 1. Table 1- Categories of tsunami forecast bulletin Tsunami Forecast BulletinValue of Tsunami Height Described in MessagesTsunami WarningMajor Tsunami "3m", "4m", "6m", "8m", "over 10m"Tsunami "1m", "2m"Tsunami AdvisoryTsunami Attention "0.5m" Tsunami Information on - Estimated arrival time and height of tsunami for each coastal region - Estimated time of high tide with tsunami arrival time at coasts - Observed arrival time and height of tsunami(Tsunami height is measured from the ordinary tide levels) 2) The NWPTA contains seismic source parameters (origin time, latitude, longitude and magnitude) and tsunamigenic potential based on the source parameters. Moreover, the NWPTA contains estimated tsunami arrival time and height at forecast points located around the Northwest Pacific by tsunami numerical simulation. 3) The TWI for the Indian Ocean contains seismic source parameters (origin time, latitude, longitude and magnitude) and tsunamigenic potential based on the source parameters. In addition, it contains estimated travel time of tsunami at forecast points located around the Indian Ocean. The JMA provides domestic tsunami warning and/or advisory for NAVTEX as information for ships for the purpose of mitigation of tsunami disasters. The JMA is considering provision of tsunami warning, advisory and information to SafetyNET and having discussion with relevant authorities. Provision of the NWPTA and the Indian Ocean TWI for SafetyNET is also being discussed. Examples of Tsunami Bulletins by Japan Meteorological Agency 1. Examples of NAVTEX broadcast based on domestic tsunami forecast (1) Tsunami Warning and Advisory issued for NAVTEX (Emergent) WEJP64 RJTD 151129 (STX) FOR OTARU NAVTEX AREA EMERGENCY TSUNAMI WARNING TSUNAMI EXPECTED OKHOTSK SEA COAST OF HOKKAIDO EMERGENCY TSUNAMI ADVISORY TSUNAMI ATTENTION WESTERN PART OF PACIFIC COAST OF HOKKAIDO NORTHERN PART OF JAPAN SEA COAST OF HOKKAIDO PACIFIC COAST OF AOMORI PREF. ISSUED FROM JMA AT 151129 UTC= (ETX) (2) Tsunami Warning and Advisory issued for NAVTEX (Scheduled) WEJP84 RJTD 151129 (STX) FOR OTARU NAVTEX AREA FOLLOWING WARNING IS VALID NOW TSUNAMI EXPECTED OKHOTSK SEA COAST OF HOKKAIDO FOLLOWING ADVISORY IS VALID NOW TSUNAMI ATTENTION WESTERN PART OF PACIFIC COAST OF HOKKAIDO NORTHERN PART OF JAPAN SEA COAST OF HOKKAIDO PACIFIC COAST OF AOMORI PREF. ISSUED FROM JMA AT 151129 UTC= (ETX) (3) Cancellation of Tsunami Advisory issued for NAVTEX (Emergent) WEJP74 RJTD 151532 (STX) FOR OTARU NAVTEX AREA TSUNAMI ATTENTION CLEARED UP OKHOTSK SEA COAST OF HOKKAIDO NORTHERN PART OF JAPAN SEA COAST OF HOKKAIDO 151430 UTC TSUNAMI ADVISORY ISSUED FROM JMA HAS BEEN CLEARED UP FOR THE COASTS ABOVE AT 151532 UTC= (ETX) (4) Cancellation of Tsunami Advisory issued for NAVTEX (Scheduled) WEJP84 RJTD 151630 (STX) FOR OTARU NAVTEX AREA ALL CLEARED= (ETX) 2. Examples of Tsunami Information for domestic use (1) Estimated arrival times and heights of tsunami ISSUED AT 0457 JST 26 SEP 2003 ESTIMATED TSUNAMI ARRIVAL TIME AND HEIGHT CENTRAL PART OF PACIFIC COAST OF HOKKAIDO AT 0500 3m EASTERN PART OF PACIFIC COAST OF HOKKAIDO AT 0500 1m WESTERN PART OF PACIFIC COAST OF HOKKAIDO AT 0520 0.5m JAPAN SEA COAST OF AOMORI PREF. AT 0550 0.5m PACIFIC COAST OF AOMORI PREF. AT 0510 0.5m IWATE PREF. AT 0510 0.5m MIYAGI PREF. AT 0530 0.5m FUKUSHIMA PREF. AT 0600 0.5m EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION OCCURRED AT 0450 JST 26 SEP 2003 REGION NAME TOKACHI LATITUDE 41.7N LONGITUDE 144.2E DEPTH 60KM MAGNITUDE 7.8 (2) Observed arrival times and heights of tsunami ISSUED AT 1833 JST 26 SEP 2003 TSUNAMI OBSERVATIONS AS OF 1830 JST AT SOME PARTS OF THE COASTS, TSUNAMIS MAY BE HIGHER THAN THOSE OBSERVED AT THE OBSERVATION SITES. KUSHIRO INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0506 (+) 1.0M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0903 1.2M HANASAKI INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0527 (+) 0.9M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0540 0.9M URAKAWA INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0507 (+) 0.2M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0624 1.3M MURORAN INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0526 (-) 0.1M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0726 0.3M HAKODATE INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0605 (+) 0.3M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0818 0.8M HACHINOHE INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0544 (+) 0.6M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0817 1.0M SEKINEHAMA INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0539 (+) 0.4M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0747 0.5M MIYAKO INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0534 (+) 0.6M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0544 0.6M OFUNATO INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0544 (+) 0.2M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0549 0.2M KAMAISHI INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0540 (+) 0.4M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0747 0.5M AYUKAWA INITIAL TSUNAMI AT 0559 (+) 0.2M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI AT 0900 0.3M (following lines are omitted) 3-1. Example of Northwest Pacific Tsunami Advisory (NWPTA) TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 001 ISSUED BY NWPTAC(JMA) ISSUED AT 0436Z 13 JAN 2007 HYPOCENTRAL PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME:0424Z 13 JAN 2007 PRELIMINARY EPICENTER:LAT46.1NORTH LON154.2EAST EAST OF KURIL ISLANDS, RUSSIA JAPAN - KURIL ISLANDS - KAMCHATKA PENINSULA MAG:8.3(MW) EVALUATION THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF A DESTRUCTIVE OCEAN-WIDE TSUNAMI THIS BULLETIN IS FOR EAST COASTS OF KAMCHATKA PENINSULA KURIL ISLANDS EAST COASTS OF PHILIPPINES NORTH COASTS OF IRIAN JAYA NORTH COASTS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA MARIANA ISLANDS MICRONESIA MARSHALL ISLANDS NORTH COASTS OF SOLOMON ISLANDS SOLOMON SEA ESTIMATED TSUNAMI ARRIVAL TIME AND ESTIMATED TSUNAMI WAVE AMPLITUDE EAST COASTS OF KAMCHATKA PENINSULA LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL UST_KAMCHATSK 56.1N 162.6E 0608Z 13 JAN 0.5M PETROPAVLOVSK_K 53.2N 159.6E 0534Z 13 JAN 0.5M KURIL ISLANDS LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL SEVERO_KURILSK 50.8N 156.1E 0509Z 13 JAN 1M URUP_IS. 46.1N 150.5E 0443Z 13 JAN OVER10M EAST COASTS OF PHILIPPINES LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL LEGASPI 13.2N 123.8E 1003Z 13 JAN 0.5M LAOANG 12.6N 125.0E 0957Z 13 JAN 0.5M MADRID 09.2N 126.0E 1010Z 13 JAN 1M NORTH COASTS OF IRIAN JAYA LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL SORONG 00.8S 131.1E 1141Z 13 JAN 0.5M WARSA 00.6S 135.8E 1116Z 13 JAN 1M JAYAPURA 02.4S 140.8E 1124Z 13 JAN 1M NORTH COASTS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL VANIMO 02.6S 141.3E 1120Z 13 JAN 1M WEWAK 03.5S 143.7E 1132Z 13 JAN 1M KAVIENG 02.5S 150.7E 1057Z 13 JAN 0.5M KIETA 06.1S 155.6E 1149Z 13 JAN 2M MARIANA ISLANDS LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL GUAM 13.4N 144.7E 0851Z 13 JAN 1M SAIPAN 15.3N 145.8E 0831Z 13 JAN 1M MICRONESIA LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL CHUUK_IS. 07.4N 151.8E 0925Z 13 JAN 1M POHNPEI_IS. 07.0N 158.2E 0927Z 13 JAN 1M KOSRAE_IS. 05.5N 163.0E 0954Z 13 JAN 1M MARSHALL ISLANDS LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL ENIWETOK 11.4N 162.3E 0902Z 13 JAN 1M NORTH COASTS OF SOLOMON ISLANDS LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL PANGGOE 06.9S 157.2E 1203Z 13 JAN 1M AUKI 08.8S 160.6E 1226Z 13 JAN 0.5M KIRAKIRA 10.4S 161.9E 0908Z 13 JAN 0.5M SOLOMON SEA LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL HONIARA 09.3S 160.0E 1253Z 13 JAN 1M AMPL - AMPLITUDE IN METERS FROM MIDDLE TO CREST HOWEVER AT SOME COASTS, PARTICULARLY THOSE NEAR THE EPICENTER, HIGHER TSUNAMIS MAY ARRIVE EARLIER THAN OUR ESTIMATION AT THE NEARBY FORECAST POINTS AUTHORITIES SHOULD BE AWARE OF THIS POSSIBILITY FURTHERMORE THE EVALUATION OF TSUNAMIGENIC POTENTIAL AND ESTIMATED ARRIVAL TIME OF TSUNAMIS MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF PTWC DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN THE ESTIMATED EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS AUTHORITIES SHOULD USE THE EARLIEST ARRIVAL TIMES FOR GREATEST SAFETY THIS WILL BE THE FINAL BULLETIN UNLESS THERE ARE CHANGES ABOUT THE POTENTIAL OF TSUNAMI GENERATION BY RE-EVALUATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE OR THERE ARE REPORTS ON TSUNAMI OBSERVATIONS 3-2. Example of Northwest Pacific Tsunami Advisory (NWPTA) including tsunami observations TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 004 ISSUED BY NWPTAC(JMA) ISSUED AT 1158Z 13 JAN 2007 HYPOCENTRAL PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME:0424Z 13 JAN 2007 PRELIMINARY EPICENTER:LAT46.9NORTH LON155.1EAST EAST OF KURIL ISLANDS, RUSSIA JAPAN - KURIL ISLANDS - KAMCHATKA PENINSULA MAG:8.2(MW) EVALUATION THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF A DESTRUCTIVE OCEAN-WIDE TSUNAMI THIS BULLETIN IS FOR EAST COASTS OF KAMCHATKA PENINSULA KURIL ISLANDS EAST COASTS OF PHILIPPINES NORTH COASTS OF IRIAN JAYA NORTH COASTS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA NORTH COASTS OF SOLOMON ISLANDS MARIANA ISLANDS MICRONESIA MARSHALL ISLANDS SOLOMON SEA (Intermediate portion is omitted.) MEASUREMENTS OR REPORTS ON TSUNAMI (REVISION) LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL MIDWAY IS. 28.2N 177.4W MAXIMUM TSUNAMI WAVE 0911Z 13 JAN 0.2M WAKE IS. 16.3N 166.6E MAXIMUM TSUNAMI WAVE 0848Z 13 JAN 0.1M CHICHIJIMA 27.1N 142.2E MAXIMUM TSUNAMI WAVE 0738Z 13 JAN 0.4M MIYAKO 39.6N 142.0E MAXIMUM TSUNAMI WAVE 0633Z 13 JAN 0.1M MAXIMUM TSUNAMI WAVE -- HALF OF AMPLITUDE FROM THE TROUGH TO THE CREST THIS WILL BE THE FINAL BULLETIN UNLESS THERE ARE CHANGES ABOUT THE POTENTIAL OF TSUNAMI GENERATION BY RE-EVALUATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE OR THERE ARE REPORTS ON TSUNAMI OBSERVATIONS 4-1. Example of Tsunami Watch Information (TWI) for the Indian Ocean (IO) TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 001 ISSUED BY THE JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY (JMA) ISSUED AT 0846 17 JUL 2006 (UTC) ... A LOCAL TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT ... 1.EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION ORIGIN TIME : 0819 17 JUL 2006 (UTC) COORDINATES : 9.3 SOUTH 107.3 EAST LOCATION : SOUTH OF JAWA, INDONESIA MAGNITUDE : 7.2 2.EVALUATION THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF A DESTRUCTIVE LOCAL TSUNAMI IN THE INDIAN OCEAN. 3.ESTIMATED TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME ONE HOUR OR LESS INDONESIA: INDIAN OCEAN COAST OF SUMATRA INDIAN OCEAN COAST OF JAWA SOUTH COASTS OF LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS AUSTRALIA: COCOS ISLANDS *TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME IS ESTIMATED ONLY FROM EARTHQUAKE DATA AND INDICATES THE TIME LAPSE BETWEEN ORIGIN TIME AND TSUNAMI ARRIVAL TIME. *THIS WILL BE THE FINAL INFORMATION UNLESS THERE ARE CHANGES ABOUT THE POTENTIAL OF TSUNAMI GENERATION AND ESTIMATED TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME BY RE-EVALUATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE OR THERE ARE REPORTS ON TSUNAMI OBSERVATIONS. 4-2. Example of Tsunami Watch Information (TWI) for the Indian Ocean (IO) including tsunami observations TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 004 ISSUED BY THE JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY (JMA) ISSUED AT 1850 17 JUL 2006 (UTC) ... A LOCAL TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT ... 1.EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION ORIGIN TIME : 0819 17 JUL 2006 (UTC) COORDINATES : 9.3 SOUTH 107.3 EAST LOCATION : SOUTH OF JAWA, INDONESIA MAGNITUDE : 7.2 2.EVALUATION THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF A DESTRUCTIVE LOCAL TSUNAMI IN THE INDIAN OCEAN. 3.ESTIMATED TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME ONE HOUR OR LESS INDONESIA: INDIAN OCEAN COAST OF SUMATRA INDIAN OCEAN COAST OF JAWA SOUTH COASTS OF LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS AUSTRALIA: COCOS ISLANDS 4.OBSERVASIONS ON MAXIMUM TSUNAMI WAVE LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME AMPL ----------------- ------------ ------------ ---- BENOA 8.8S 115.2E 1044Z 17 JUL 0.2M RODORIGUES 19.7S 63.4E 1750Z 17 JUL 0.4M AMPL -- AMPLITUDE IN METERS OF HALF OF THE CREST TO TROUGH *TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME IS ESTIMATED ONLY FROM EARTHQUAKE DATA AND INDICATES THE TIME LAPSE BETWEEN ORIGIN TIME AND TSUNAMI ARRIVAL TIME. *THIS WILL BE THE FINAL INFORMATION UNLESS THERE ARE CHANGES ABOUT THE POTENTIAL OF TSUNAMI GENERATION AND ESTIMATED TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME BY RE-EVALUATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE OR THERE ARE REPORTS ON TSUNAMI OBSERVATIONS. The TWS operated by Australia (with samples of warnings) The Australian Tsunami Warning System (ATWS) Australia is currently developing the Australian Tsunami Warning System (ATWS) through a four year project, funded by the Australian Government, which will conclude in June 2009. This is a joint project between the Bureau of Meteorology, Geoscience Australia (GA) and Emergency Management Australia (EMA). As of Thursday, 7 December 2006, the Bureau of Meteorology began interpreting intelligence received from the PTWC and JMA to provide rapid advice on relevance and likely impact on Australian coasts. The Bureau of Meteorology forwards these Australian-specific tsunami bulletins to national Emergency Services agencies and the media for action. Three categories of bulletins have been introduced for operational use, as described below. Future Development With Australian Government funding of $68.9 million over four years (ending 2009), the Bureau of Meteorology (Bureau), Geoscience Australia (GA) and Emergency Management Australia (EMA) are charged with the responsibility of establishing a more comprehensive operational tsunami warning system for Australia (the ATWS). This four year project will also support the international development of tsunami warning capability in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. This will include the installation of enhanced seismic and sea level monitoring networks, data analysis and communication tools, computer modelling systems to help better determine the time, size and locations of potential impacts. As part of the ATWS project, a joint Bureau and GA Australian Tsunami Warning Centre (AusTWC) will be established by mid-2007. Types of Bulletins "No Threat" bulletin An undersea earthquake has been detected but has not generated a tsunami OR may have generated a tsunami which has no potential to impact on Australia (or its islands and territories), based on advice received from the PTWC or JMA. No further bulletins will be issued unless the situation changes. "Potential Threat" bulletin An undersea earthquake has been detected and a tsunami may have been generated with potential to impact on Australia (or its islands and territories), based on advice received from the PTWC or JMA. If a Potential Threat bulletin is issued and subsequent information confirms the threat, Regional Warnings (including action statements) will then be issued by the Bureau of Meteorologys seven State and Territory Offices in the regions that may be affected. "Cancellation" bulletin Cancelling a previous Potential Threat bulletin. A Cancellation bulletin may be released to inform that the threat has ended and that a tsunami has not impacted on Australias coast, or that the impact of a tsunami on the Australian coast has ended. Examples of Australian Tsunami Bulletins 1. No Threat to Australia Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology National Meteorological and Oceanographic Centre TSUNAMI BULLETIN Issued at: 5:00pm EDT on Tuesday 28 November 2006 4:00pm EST on Tuesday 28 November 2006 4:30pm CDT on Tuesday 28 November 2006 3:30pm CST on Tuesday 28 November 2006 2:00pm WST on Tuesday 28 November 2006 NO TSUNAMI THREAT TO AUSTRALIAN MAINLAND OR ISLANDS The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC) in Hawaii has detected an undersea earthquake near Samoa and has issued a Tsunami Bulletin. The earthquake has also been detected by Geoscience Australia. Based on the magnitude and location of this earthquake there is no tsunami threat to the Australian mainland or islands. No further bulletins will be issued for this event unless the threat level changes. The earthquake occurred at 06:22 UTC at Latitude 16.6 South, Longitude 172.0 West, with magnitude 6.9. UTC Time Zone conversion: EDT = UTC + 11 hours EST = UTC + 10 hours CDT = UTC + 10.5 hours CST = UTC + 9.5 hours WST = UTC + 8 hours This bulletin is also available through TV and Radio broadcasts and the Bureaus website at  HYPERLINK "http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/" www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/  HYPERLINK "mailto:"  2. Potential Threat to Australian coast or islands Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology National Meteorological and Oceanographic Centre TOP PRIORITY FOR IMMEDIATE BROADCAST TSUNAMI BULLETIN Issued at: 6:55pm EST on Monday 17 July 2006 6:25pm CST on Monday 17 July 2006 4:55pm WST on Monday 17 July 2006 TSUNAMI THREAT TO CHRISTMAS AND COCOS ISLANDS AND THE WA COAST FROM CARNARVON TO EXMOUTH. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC) in Hawaii has detected an undersea earthquake south of Java and has issued a Tsunami Bulletin. The earthquake has also been detected by Geoscience Australia. Based on the magnitude and location of this earthquake, tsunami could start affecting these locations at the following local times: CHRISTMAS ISLAND from 3:35pm Monday COCOS ISLAND from 4:15pm Monday CORAL BAY (WA) from 7:00pm Monday The Bureau is seeking confirmation that tsunami have been generated. Tsunami Warnings will be issued, if necessary, by the Regional Offices of the Bureau in affected States. People in coastal areas in threatened regions should move out of the water and away from low lying foreshore areas, and should then listen for further advice from state emergency service authorities. The earthquake occurred at 0819 UTC 17 Jul 2006 at Latitude 9.3 South, Longitude 107.3 East, with magnitude 7.7. UTC Time Zone conversion: EDT = UTC + 11 hours EST = UTC + 10 hours CDT = UTC + 10.5 hours CST = UTC + 9.5 hours WST = UTC + 8 hours This bulletin is also available through TV and Radio broadcasts and the Bureaus website at http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/ _____________     MSI/Doc. 5.4, Appendix A ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, p.  PAGE 2 ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, p.  PAGE 11 ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.1, APPENDIX A, p.  PAGE 9 ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, APPENDIX A ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, APPENDIX B, p.  PAGE 6 ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, APPENDIX B ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, APPENDIX C, p.  PAGE 2 ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, APPENDIX C ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, APPENDIX C, p.  PAGE 11 ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, APPENDIX C ETMSS-II/Doc. 4.2, 4.3, APPENDIX D, p.  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