ࡱ> IKFGH#` bjbjmm 4x,,,,,,,@hChChChCtD@REHFFFFFBG$:G$hWB,bFFbbB,,FFWb_,F,Fblh,,`FE `6I\hCm0|;*; `;,`0NGO0(V[NGNGNGBB NGNGNGbbbb@@@$3d: @@@d:@@@,,,,,, Les espces dAlexandrium rencontres au niveau des ctes marocaines Benlahcen RIJAL LEBLAD1, Mouna Daoudi2, Lalla Mina HASSANI1, Amina DALLAL3 & Faid EL MADANI4 Institut National de Recherche Halieutique (Maroc) 1: Station RSSL Mdiq, BP 31 Mdiq, 2: Centre Rgional Laayoune, Bp 75 ville elmarsa, Laayoune 3: Centre Rgional Dakhla, Bp 127, bis, Dakhla 4: Centre Rgional Nador, Bp 493 Nador Le Maroc dispose de deux faades maritimes importantes; mditerranen (460 Km) et Atlantique (2500 Km), caractrises par la prsence de gisement naturel important en mollusques bivalves. Mais la prolifration despces de phytoplancton toxiques, quand les conditions du milieu sont favorables, rend la qualit sanitaire de ces mollusques impropre au consommateur. Au cours du suivi rgulier du phytoplancton toxique par le Rseau de Surveillance de la Salubrit du Littoral le long des ctes marocaines, des pisodes defflorescences rptitives des espces dAlexandrium couples une contamination de coquillages par la PSP ont t mis en vidence. La premire partie de cet Atlas est consacre aux espces du genre Alexandrium frquentes sur le littoral marocain. Jusqu lheure actuelles deux espces du genre Alexandrium sont t identifies: Alexandrium minutum au niveau de la mer Mditerranenne et locan Atlantique et A. affine uniquement au niveau de la mditerrane. Abstract Morocco arranges two important maritime facades; Mediterranean (460 km) and the Atlantic Ocean (2500 km), characterized by the presence of important natural deposit in shellfish. But the proliferation of sorts of phytoplankton toxins, when the conditions of the middle are favourable, returns the sanitary unfit quality of these shellfish to the consumer. During the regular follow-up of the toxic phytoplankton by the Network of Surveillance of the Healthiness of the Coast along the Moroccan coasts, episodes of repetitive rashes of the sorts of Alexandrium coupled with a contagion of shells by the PSP were put in evidence. The first part of this Atlas is dedicated to the frequent sorts of the genus Alexandrium on the Moroccan coast. Till hour current two sorts of the genus Alexandrium are been identified: Alexandrium minutum at the level of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and A. affine only at the level of the Mediterranean. __________________________________________________________________________ Alexandrium minutum et contamination des coquillages par la PSP au niveau de la Baie de Dakhla (SUD DU MAROC) DELLAL mina, Abouabdellah Rachid, Chafiq Lahcen, Hassani Lalla mina and Rijal leblad benlahcen Le prsent travail illustre le premier cas de prolifration dAlexandrium minutum au niveau de la Baie de Dakhla, au sud du Maroc et plus particulirement au niveau de cinque. zones conchylicoles suivantes Duna Blanca, PK25, Boutalha, Hoja Llamira et Puertitto. Lapparition de lespce a t note durant le mois de juin 2006 pour atteindre une concentration maximale vers la fin de lanne 2006. Son extinction a t enregistre au mois de mars 2007. Cette prolifration a t sujette du syndrome PSP enregistr dans les coquillages vivant fouisseurs notamment le couteau (Solen marginatus) et la coque commune (Cerastoderma edule). Cependant, aucune toxicit na t enregistr chez la moule ( perna perna). ABSTRACT This work illustrates the first case of proliferation of Alexandrium minutum on the level of Bay of Dakhla in the south of Morocco and more particularly on the level of the five following conchylaceous zones Duna Blanca, PK25, Boutalha, Hoja Llamira and Puertitto. The appearance of the species was noted during June 2006 to reach a maximum concentration towards the end of the year 2006. Its extinction was recorded in March 2007. This proliferation was prone syndrome PSP recorded in the digger shells living in particular the knife (Solen marginatus) and cockles ( Cerastoderma edule). But any toxicity was enregitred in the mussels ( perna perna). The first records of potentially toxic species of Pseudo-nitzschia in Moroccan Atlantic waters Btissam Ennaffah Laboratoire des efflorescences nuisibles, Institut National de Recherche Halieutique, Casablanca, Maroc On the Moroccan Atlantic coast, Pseudo-nitzschia spp is a frequent component of the micro-phytoplankton (detected in 80%-90% of the samples). The temporal and spatial variability in the abundance of this marine genus was examinated in Atlantic Moroccan coast: in J.O.Ghanem-Dar lhamra (3251, 396N-0853, 455W,3247,944N-0857 321W, open sea), and Sidi Moussa lagoon (3259,868 N- 0843, 726W; 3258,530 N-0845,545 W) The highest cell density was found in April, May, June and July 2006 in J.O.Ghanem-dar lhamra area. In Sidi Moussa lagoon, the highest abundance were observed in spring and summer 2006, with maxima of 105 c.l-1 . The highest cell numbers concentration of Pseudo-nitzschia spp were found (occurred) in spring at temperature value of 17-19C and in summer with a temperature values oscillate between 20-26C (found at sidi Moussa lagoon). In light microscopy, the pseudo-nitzschia genus was present on the short and large form, in this area, the large form was dominant, and all the species are present during the year. In electron microscopy, we identify 3 species of Pseudo-nitzschia: P. australis, P. fraudulanta (Seriata group), and P.pseudo-delicatissima (pseudo-delicatissima group). These species are known as potentially toxic and their proliferation cause the contamination of the mussels by ASP. Species dominance and permanence of Gymnodinium catenatum GRAHAM blooms on the Western Mediterranean coast of Morocco (1994-2004) Tahri Joutei L. Institut National de Recherche Halieutique 2, Rue de Tiznit. Casablanca. Maroc e-mail:tahri@inrh.org.ma The chain-forming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham is the main species associated with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) outbreaks in Moroccan coastal waters since 1994. The seasonal distribution of G catenatum and Alexandrium minutum Halim in the Mediterranean coast of Morocco (3505N) during the period 1994-2004 is described. G.catenatum is present throughout the year, but maximum densities are detected in spring (early May) and autumn (November). PSP toxins were sometimes detected in shellfish after autumn and winter blooms. The other potential PSP agent, Alexandrium minutum, is observed in the same geographical area in spring and summer. Other harmful observed species observed are Dinophysis caudate, potential agent of DSP, which sometimes blooms in spring and Pseudo-nitzschia spp., potential producer of ASP, which sometimes develops up to blooms proportions in winter. High correlations between toxic and non toxic species have been established (r>0, 7) TOXIC PHYTOPLANKTON IN TWO NORTH-AFRICAN LAGOONS: MOULAY BOUSSELHAM (MOROCCO) AND GHAR EL MELH (TUNISIA) Najat ELKHIATI1, M. RAMDANI2, R. FLOWER3, F. AYACHE4, 1: Universit Hassan II Ain Chock, Facult des Sciences, Biologie, Km 8, Route El Jadida, Casablanca, Morocco ; 2: Universit Mohamed V, Institut Scientifique, Zoologie & Ecologie Animale, BP 703, Rabat-Agdal, Morocco ; 3: University College London, ECRC, 26, Bedford Way, London, UK ; 4: University of Sousse - Facult des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Department of Geography, Sousse, Tunisia. Corresponding author:  HYPERLINK "mailto:nelkhiati@gmail.com" nelkhiati@gmail.com Within the framework of an international research programme (INCO-Med project, MELMARINA), seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in two North African lagoons were studied. The two sites were the lagoon of Moulay Bousselham (Morocco) and the lagoon of Ghar El Melh (Tunisia). The sampling period extended from February 2003 to November 2004. A principle objective was to evaluate hydrological influences (of marine intrusions, winter floods, salinity and temperature) on the composition and on the space-time development of the phytoplankton communities in both sites. A total of 211 taxa of phytoplankton were identified during the study. These include 65 taxa belonging to 22 genera of Dinophyceae, 125 taxa belonging to 39 genera of Bacillariophyceae. Diatoms were dominant in terms of the number of species and of abundance in the two lagoons. Analysis of the structure of the phytoplankton community in 2 lagoons is very important for commercial fisheries especially in relation to pollution threats. Phytoplankton sampling was carried out in parallel with the physico-chemical measurements made at 4 stations in Moulay Bousselham and 6 stations in Ghar El Melh. In the Moulay Bousselham lagoon, a quasi-permanent predominance of marine diatoms was observed in open sea station as well as in the marine inlet channel. Dinoflagellates were very common during summer months and at the beginning of the autumn in the open sea station and they extended to the centre of the lagoon. Euglenophyceae and Chlorophyceae were observed mainly in winter and in spring at two upstream stations near Drader river and Canal de Nador where marine water influences were small. However during summer and autumn both these stations showed a mixture of marine and freshwater species. Phytoplankton toxic species identified in the both lagoons are mainly common during summer and autumn, we distinguished useful species, but mostly harmless (Ceratium furca, Lingulodinium polyedrum), species potentially harmful with oxygen depletion (Gonyaulax spinifera, Prorocentrum micans, Dinophysis caudata), species responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (Alexandrium tamarense, Gymnodinium catenatum), species responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis caudata), species responsible for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (Gymnodinium breve), species responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (Pseudonitzschia sp), species responsible for and implicated in Ciguatera fish poisoning (Coolia monoti, Prorocentrum lima). Growth rate differences of toxic dinoflagellates species: a comparison of clonal cultures and natural populations ABDENNADHER MOUFIDA (1, 2); HAMZA ASMA (2); FEKI WAFA (1, 2); ZOUARI BELLAAJ AMEL (2) ;BOUAIN ABDERRAHMEN (1); & BRADAI MOHAMED NEJMEDDINE (2) (1)Facult des Sciences de Sfax, Universit des Sciences de Sfax, BP 802-3019 Sfax, Tunisie. (2)Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, BP1035-3018 Sfax, Tunisie. Corresponding author: oceanbleu2030@yahoo.fr Recurrent dinoflagellates blooms associated with shellfish poisoning events have occurred at Bougrara lagoon (south of Tunisia) particularly during autumnal seasons since 1991. From this date on, a Harmful Algal Bloom monitoring program of Tunisian coastal waters was settled. Several strains of Alexandrium minutum (27), Coolia monotis (11), Karlodinium veneficum (6) and Karenia selliformis (1) species were isolated from the lagoon and were clonally cultured under laboratory conditions. The specific growth rates (d-1) of these strains were determined and were compared to those of the related species in natural populations. Notable differences in the specific growth rates (d-1) were observed between different isolated species. For Alexandrium minutum, Coolia monotis and Karlodinium veneficum strains, specific growth rates were higher in laboratory cultures (0.64 d-1, 0.25 d-1, 0.98 d-1 respectively) than in field (0.17 d-1, 0.08 d-1, 0.55 d-1 respectively). Whereas, the growth rates of K. selliformis strain were similar in both laboratory (0.23 d-1) and natural (0.27d-1) conditions. Although A. minutum strains were cultured under the same laboratory conditions, they were exhibited different growth rates with a maximum of 0.64 d-1 and a minimum of 0.04 d-1. This study highlighted the growth variability of some toxic dinoflagellate species under the same conditions. "Bottom-up and Top-down control of spring phytoplankton blooms in Alexandria waters Samia K. Mikhail and Wagdy Labib National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries. Kayet Bey, Al-Anfoshi, Alexandria (Egypt) Corresponding author wagdysea@hotmail.com The whole course of the spring red tide blooms was observed from late March to early May during 2005 and 2006 in the Eastern Harbour of Alexandria. The blooms are characterized by a succession of transient bloom events of varying magnitudes, involving the recurrent occurrence of the diatom Skeletonema costatum and the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum triestinum. Variations of ecological factors and zooplankton abundance and their influence upon the causative organisms were determined. The improved environmental conditions after the onset of water stratification associated with the fresh water input and the absence of local wind mixing are considered principal influences that triggered the spring blooms. The pattern of species succession showed predominance by S. costatum at partially and/or weakly stratified water column, and it is overtaken by P. triestinum when stratification became well established. The S. costatum blooms maintained a temperature range of 14.9-17.2oC, with its two major peaks at 15.6 and 16.8oC, and a salinity range 33-37.5, with peaks at 33 and 35.8. The P. triestinum blooms in both years initiated under almost similar physical condition (18.8-19.5oC, 35-36 salinity). Chlorophyll a concentrations reflected the course of the blooms with 38.7-51.5 g l-1 accompanied the major peaks of S. costatum, and 58.5-72.5 g l-1 with the peaks of P. triestinum. The blooms of S. costatum and P. triestinum triggered at plenty of nutrient and dissolved organic matter concentrations, and maintained variable nutrient levels. However, the results support the conclusion that PO4, SiO4, NO3, NH4 salts in the harbour may not be the only potential limiting factors for S. costatum growth in spring season. The peaks of P. triestinum, followed the pulsed delivery of inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic matter, caused a decrease within 73-83, 66-92, and 86-93% for PO4, NO3, and NH4 levels, and 63-74% DOM, compared with their levels a couple of days before. Its NH4 uptake seems to be faster than NO3. Among reasons for the collapse of S. costatum blooms and the shift in succession to P. triestinum blooms were sinking aggregates, silicate decline and changeable N/Si ratio. Salinity and silicate showed significant negative correlation with the counts of S. costaum. Zooplankton community was diversified, and with the dominance of herbivorous feeding species at times. The data confirmed the role of zooplankton as a sharing affecting factor for the variability in densities of S. costatum and P. triestinum, and grazing activity can inflict considerable losses at times. Zooplankton grazing pressure with the blooms of S. costatum indicated some aspects as the steady zooplankton increase with the initial stage of S. costatum blooms, which could and/or could not limit the diatom growth, as proved by the mismatching between the fast growing of S. costatum and zooplankton counts; the maximum zooplankton population coincident with the major bloom peaks or followed the most intensive occurrence of S. costatum; the disrupted occurrence of the diatom with zooplankton variability; the great impact of zooplankton increasing on the blooms decline; and their significant positive correlation. Zooplankton population structure showed different fluctuation patterns with S. costatum blooms. Protozoa dominate with the bloom initiation, major peak days, and dissipation in March 2005, while copepods predominated during the initial and development stages (75 and 72%), and it decreased to 28% with the collapse stage in April 2006. Microzooplankton, mostly protozooplankton (ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates) represented 20-81%, 18-58.6%, and 34-64.4%, with initiation, development and dissipation stages of S. costatum. Zooplankton dynamics with P. triestinum blooms in both April 2005 and 2006 exhibited similar variability trends; the minimum abundance was seen always with the bloom peaks. The population severely dropped, 3-fold decrease, when P. triestinum started to be the main constituent of the community. Mesozooplankton represented 21-34%, 4-10%, and 15-37%, respectively of the total with initiation, development and dissipation stages of P. triestinum blooms. Water discoloration in Mex Bay, West of Alexandria (Egypt) Mikhail S. K* and Halim Y** *National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Kayet Bey, El-Anfoshi, Alexandria ** Faculty of Science, Alexandria University. E. mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:Mikhail_samia@yahoo.com" Mikhail_samia@yahoo.com Mex Bay, an estuarine ecosystem west of Alexandria (Egypt), supports a major fishery ground. The bay receives directly from neighbouring Lake Maryout about 6.5x106m3 d-1 of agricultural waste waters, mixed with pesticides, fertilisers, agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastewaters. The discharged water caused drastic environmental changes; a quasi-permanent stable stratification and injection of nutrients with different composition. The interaction of combined physical and chemical conditions created rich resource spectrum for algal growth. The bay was a site of heavy phytoplankton outbreaks, causing water discoloration (red tides) at five intermittent periods from late spring to early autumn. Eight different phytoplankton species were responsible, five diatoms, three dinoflagellates and one euglenophycean species, six of them were considered newly recorded red tide forms in Alexandria Mediterranean waters, including the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. The dinoflagellates Prorocentrum triestinum and Scrippsiella trochoidea formed monospecific blooms in the middle of April and early June, respectively. The former species with its major peak (63.5x106 cells l-1) raised chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen to 160.3 g l-1 and 10.3 ml l-1, and consumed most of ammonia. The study proved P. triestinum a phototactic form, demonstrating distinct diel vertical migration crossing the steep pycnocline at 0.65m h-1 downward, and 0.55 m h-1 upward movement. Its mean relative growth constant was calculated as 0.55 d-1. N/P ratio exhibited different trends; decreasing values with the development of the blooms; minimum with the bloom peak days; and recovering with the dissipation of the blooms. Zooplankton grazing seems of a negligible influence on the dissipation of the blooms; the monospecific dinoflagellate blooms seem to be immune to copepod grazing. Because of the variability in the environmental gradients, it was difficult to establish quantitatively the extent of physico-chemical effects on the bloom stages. However, the statistical analysis confirmed the significant role played by the physical forcing, temperature, salinity and Sigma t. Suivi de Prorocentrum minimum dans les zones de production des mollusques bivalves de la lagune de Bizerte et du lac Nord de Tunis (Nord de la Tunisie). Par Souad Turki & Noura Balti Dans le cadre du programme de surveillance des zones de production des mollusques bivalves du Nord de la Tunisie, le suivi du phytoplancton porte sur les microalgues qui sont potentiellement toxiques a port sur les espces suivantes: Dinophysis spp (8 espces), Alexandrium spp (11 espces), Pseudonitzschia spp (3 espces) et Prorocentrum spp (12 espces). Les espces du G. Prorocentrum identifies sont:P. micans, P. compressum, P. scutellidium, P. emarginatum, P. belizianum, P. concavum, P. lima, P. rhathymum, P. minimun, P. triestinum et Prorocentrum sp. Parmi les espces potentiellement toxiques, seule P. minimum a t dtecte durant le programme de suivi avec des concentrations leves. Les densits de P. minimun ont t enregistres durant la priode allant de janvier 2004 janvier 2007 une frquence hebdomadaire dans la lagune de Bizerte au niveau de 8 stations de prlvement localises dans 6 fermes conchylicoles et deux zones de production des palourdes. Dans le lac Nord de Tunis, 3 stations de prlvement font lobjet dun suivi rgulier. Les concentrations ont vari de 0 14,5x 106cellules/l dans lagune de Bizerte. Dans le lac Nord de Tunis, les densits de P. minimum sont trs faibles. Son apparition a lieu seulement durant lanne 2004, avec des concentrations maximales qui sont comprises entre 2,2 x 103 2,12 x 104 cellules/litre. Dans la lagune de Bizerte, les densits maximales ont t enregistres principalement pendant la priode allant de novembre avril au cours des annes 2004 2006. Quelque pics de faible intensit ont t enregistrs durant lanne 2004 durant la priode allant de mars juillet. La priode principale dapparition de P. minimum concide avec la priode des fortes pluies. Le coefficient de corrlation est significatif entre la densit de P. minimum et les quantits moyennes mensuelles des pluies enregistres dans la rgion de Bizerte (r = 0.370, p<.05). Ce qui indique que le dveloppement optimum de cette espce dpend fortement de la dessalure des eaux dans la lagune de Bizerte. Pendant cette priode, les tests souris se sont rvls positifs sur les moules en levage une cinquantaine de fois environ dont seulement 10 situations ont concid avec la prsence de P. minimum dans leau de mer. Ces priodes de contamination par les biotoxines sont signales durant la priode de novembre dcembre en 2004 2005 et de fvrier avril en 2006 dans la lagune de Bizerte. Epiphytic Micro-algae of Posidonia oceanica in Gabes gulf (Tunisia) BEN BRAHIM Mounir, HAMZA Asma & BOUAIN Abderrahmen The inventory of epiphytic micro-algae population in Posidonia oceanica leaves compared to phytoplankton water column show us many characteristics and dynanamic of these organisms in this specific medium. - The Diatoms dominate either in the procession of the epiphytes or in the medium - Phytoplanctonic diversity in these areas is reduced and this is apparent especially at the epiphytes. -The interaction epiphyte-medium is obvious because we find the same the settlements on the two levels. -The ratio Dino/Diato is weak in summer showing the abundance of Dinoflagellate in spring, season which offers a significant leaf aera increasing the chance of adhesion of these epiphytes. Potentially harmful microalgae epiphytic on macroalgae along the coast of Alexandria. Ismael, A.A. and Halim,Y. Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University. amany_3@yahoo.com The coastal waters of Alexandria have been surveyed for potentially harmful microalgae associated with macroalgae. Among the 44 species recorded, Ostreopsis sp, O.ovata, Oscillatoria acutissima and O. nigro-viridis are dominant. Unlike potentially harmful planktonic microalgae , no attention has been given , so far, to the epiphytic microflora in Egyptian waters. Following mass mortality of a bottom feeding fish, Siganus rivulatus, in the East Harbour of Alexandria in March 2004 due to Oscillatoria acutissima, a survey of the potentially harmful epiphytic microalgae along the coast of Alexandria was initiated. Macroalgae were collected monthly from rocks at Abu Qir and less regularly from four other stations. The samples were vigorously shaken in filtered sea water and the microalgae collected examined by LM and SEM when needed. The results are reported as cell per gram macroalga. Salinity fluctuated between 36.6 and 39.5 psu except for the more dilute Mex Bay 20.8-38.6- and temperature between 28 and 17.5. Abu Qir station is relatively sheltered while the other stations are exposed to strong wave action. Fourty four species were recorded, 24 Bacillariophyceae, 14 Dinophyceae, 3 Cyanobacteria and one each from the Chlorophyceae and the Euglenophyceae. Variability in their distribution and dominance is independent from salinity fluctuations - except for Mex-, weakly correlated to temperature but strongly so to the type of macroalgae and to wave action. Heavy benthic blooms of Ostreopsis sp and O. ovata (1) are associated with brown and red algae (Hypnea, Laurencia, Jania, Corallina and Sargassum) at the relatively sheltered Abu Qir station. Blooms occurred in July and December 2005 and in October 2006. Ostreopsis spp were otherwise absent or insignificant elsewhere where Ulva is dominant. Oscillatoria acutissima and O.nigro-viridis were perennial and widespread and appear to be favoured by moderate temperatures. Mex stands apart as its microflora is dominated by brackish species, though Oscillatoria acutissima is also perennial there. The epiphytic microfloral associations are receiving more and more attention in the Mediterranean but the investigations are mainly focused on the species of concern, namely Ostreopsis ovata,O. siamensis and Coolia monotis. The Mediterranean associations differ from the Pacific ones by the absence of Gambierdiscus spp. Temporal variation in the epiphytes of Laurencia obtusa and Cystoseira myrica from South Sinai, Northern Red Sea Hegazi, M. M, Amin Abeer S and Gaballah Mona Suez canal University, Marine Science Department Algal epiphytes were examined for 12 months at Shura El-Roweysia and several tidal levels on the shore in South Sinai dominated by Laurencia obtusa and Cystoseira myrica. Sixty seven species of the epiphytes were recorded (41 Bacillariophyta, 20 Cyanophyta, 3 Chlorophyta and 3 Pyrrhophyta). An inverse relationship between percentage cover of L. obtusa and their epiphytes were observed to be affected by desiccation stress due to frequent emersion of the intertidal flat and exposure to strong radiation, while high percentage cover of C. myrica was associated with the high number of epiphytes. Monitoring and research projects for phytoplankton in Tunisia In Tunisia HAB were common and frequent in Tunis lagoon since beginning century but first record of marine red tide is dated only in 1988. In 1994, toxic phytoplankton bloom leading important fish mortality occurred in many localities in Gabes gulf. These situations incite authority to launched monitoring program of toxic phytoplankton in shellfish area to guaranteed salubrity of our production that exported in totality to European countries. Parameters concerned by this monitoring are enumeration of the toxic phytoplankton (REPHY), detection of natures and levels of toxins (REBI), analysis of contaminants in water, sediment and shellfish (RECNO) and the estimate of the degree of infestation by parasitic diseases and other (REZOM). Sampling frequency is defined by nature of analysis and of obtained results. All results are apprehended in a data bank administered by (INSTM-SALAMMB). In this Dated Base you can found all information about sampling, results from 1995 to 2007 and a cartography where is indicated the status of the harvest area during the last taking. This program allowed us not only information for toxic episode but it is also an opportunity to repertory phytoplankton diversity for our coasts, to investigate their spatiotemporal fluctuations and to define consequently the sensitive zones and those at high risks. In our shellfish area toxic phytoplankton are limited for a few dinoflagellates and since 6 years ago the mostly episode of toxicity is occurred with Karenia selliformis. That species have a large distribution in this costs and it is endemic fin Bougrara lagoon where we observe frequently red tide. Effectively from 1995, the production of shells in the South of Tunisia (gulf of Gabes) is affected in a recurring way by toxines. The presence of these liposoluble toxin, proscribe export of this contaminated product towards the European market for the human consumption. Shellfish production that rich 1500 tons in 1993 fell so unless 100 tons in 2000. To finding a solution of this affliction and to try the detoxification of the clam, a research project of the subject is assumed in INSTM. The objective of this study is to follow the possibilities of detoxification, to estimate the physiological state of animals further to these manipulations and to identify the quality of the environment after treatment. To estimate phytoplankton quality in open sea of Gabes gulf, area that known by its sensibility about the eutrophication, seasonally campaign are done since 1999. The techniques of analyses for these works are multiple and go from the simple counting by Uthermol's method until pigment analyses by HPLC and also by QPCR. Monitoring toxic cyanobacteria in dams and fresh water in our country is started since 2 years ago. Results confirm presence of some toxic strain of Microcystis but research to define toxic profile of this species isnt yet established. Other themes for phenomenon of phytoplankton are studied in our laboratory and they are submitted for Master and PHD as: Phytoplankton in ballast water Epiphyte phytoplankton in Posidonia meadows Phylogeny for toxic phytoplankton in Tunisia coasts ________________________________________________________________________________ Les phytoplanctons au Parc National du Banc dArguin (Mauritanie) Les ctes mauritaniennes sont parmi les plus poissonneuses du monde, ceci est du principalement la prsence dun upwelling quasi permanent et la rencontre des deux courants: le courant froid canarien venant du nord et du courant chaud guinen venant du sud qui ont une grande influence sur la biodiversit dans notre ZEE. Tous ces paramtres laissent supposer lexistence dune productivit primaire importante surtout au Banc dArguin qui est une zone de nurseries pour un grand nombre despces halieutiques. Il serait donc intressant de faire une valuation qualitative et quantitative de la biomasse phytoplanctonique qui est lorigine de cette richesse spcifique. Bien que la rgion du Banc dArguin ne soit pas rpute comme zone dexplosion dalgues toxiques, le risque de voir apparatre ce phnomne nest pas ngliger, dautant plus que notre conomie se base en grande partie sur les produits de la pche. Un monitoring du phytoplancton toxique simpose donc pour complter les travaux qui se font dans ce sens lchelle sous rgionale. Le prsent travail est relatif un inventaire des espces phytoplanctoniques au Parc national du Banc darguin. Lobjectif de cette tude est dtablir un inventaire exhaustif des espces planctoniques rencontres dans cette zone et den dterminer la dynamique spatio- temporelle. Sur 6 stations chantillonnes, 73 espces de phytoplancton ont t recenses dans la zone d'tude. Ces espces se rpartissent en 3 grands groupes: les diatomes pennes (28 espces), diatomes centrales (27 espces) et les dinoflagells (18 espces). Les diatomes reprsentent le plus important groupe, avec plus de 89 % du nombre total d'organismes phytoplanctoniques rencontrs. Il est important de signaler la prsence de certaines espces de phytoplancton toxique des genres: Pseudo-nitschia, Gymnodynium, Dinophysis, Alexendrium. Vu limportance de limpact de ces espces sur les autres composantes de lcosystme, nous essayons de faire un suivi rgulier de leur volution spatio-temporelle afin de dtecter dventuels blooms saisonniers. Nous avons remarqu que les pics dabondance des espces planctoniques ont une corrlation avec le phnomne dupwelling, ce qui dmontre limportance des phnomnes hydrologique dans la dynamique des populations du Plancton. MANAGEMENT OF THE GULF OF GABES PHYTOPLANKTON DATABASE, NEW INFORMATION ON PHYTOPLANKTON BEHAVIOUR IN SHELLFISH HARVEST AREAS FEKI WAFA(1,2), HAMZA ASMA(2), ABDENNADHER MOUFIDA(1,2), BELHASSEN MALIKA (2) & REBAI AHMED (1) (1)Facult des Sciences de Sfax, Universit des Sciences de Sfax, BP 802-3019 Sfax, Tunisie. (2)Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, BP 1035-3008 Sfax, Tunisie. Corresponding author:  HYPERLINK "mailto:wafafeki@yahoo.fr" wafafeki@yahoo.fr Monitoring the toxic phytoplankton in the Tunisian shellfish harvest area has been launched since 1995. The data provide quantitative and qualitative information on the spatiotemporal distribution of the phytoplankton species in the studied area. Based on this huge source of information we attempt to set up some indicators about the harmful algae apparition and to draw out the relationships between the species behaviour and the abiotic factors. To reach these objectives, we first made an effort to restructure and re-organise the data already stored in a web application database. During a second step, and using statistical analyse, we particularly analysed the phenomenon of phytoplankton bloom, encystment and toxicity and attempt to correlate them with biotic and abiotic factors variability. It appears that application for ARC VIEW and ARC GIS as one in HTML provide schematic information for repartition and evolution of species in Gabes gulf. _______________________________________________________________________________ About the diversity of harmful organism of the Algiers coast (Algerian basin) Touahria Tarik University of Biotechnology and Sciences Houari Boumediene Faculty of Sciences and Biology, Laboratory of Pelagic Ecosystems ElAlia Box32, Algiers 16111. t_touahria@yahoo.fr At the summer 2006, a bloom produced by Scripsiella trochoida was observed at the Algiers coast. The bloom was characterized by a green to brown colour and was located at the beach of Kadous (this beach was exposed to the wind). This bloom was also dominated by several dinoflagellates genera known to produce a bio toxin such Dinophysis accuminata which curiously accompanied with a high abundance of the photosynthetic ciliates Myrionecta rubrum. Later on, during September an important concentration (with an order 104 ind/liter) of species from genera Prorocentrum and Ceratium was observed. Besides Scripsiella trochoida, the bloom of other red tide organism such as Noctilluca scintillans was observed At April 2007. This unarmoured dinoflagellate is considerate at the Algerian as rare species. So, We mentioned this bloom for the first time in the Algerian coast (beach of Tipaza). Although the reasons for this apparent increase are unclear, we suggest: at the last decade, a significant maritime traffic in the Algerian coast was observed consequently the risk of transport of toxigenic species in ship ballast water is important to take in consideration. increased nutrient input to coastal oceans from human activities, Large-scale climactic changes. Harmful Algal Blooms in the Egyptian waters Y. Halim and Ismael A. Oceanography Dept., Alexandria University, Faulty of Science, Alexandria 21511, Egypt. Investigations of HABs in the Egyptian waters began in the summer of 1956 with the observation on the heavy red tide caused by a dinoflagellate which was new at the time, Alexandrium minutum (Halim, 1960). The summer red tide remained a recurrent phenomenon in the Eastern Harbour but no fish kills were observed. The phytoplankton of the Eastern Harbour was continuously monitored since although intermittently. In subsequent years, work extended to other locations along the Egyptian coast. The red tides were recorded many times but not only in summer. Heavy blooms were triggered by the continuous input of biogenic substances with domestic waste waters, which maintained a high level of nutrients accompanied by a stable stratification of the water column in summer, A. minutum was not the only causative species for the blooms (Zaghloul and Halim, 1992). The last red tide caused by A. minutum was recorded in 1994. The bloom was abnormally extensive. It extended out of the harbour along 20 Km of coast with a peak density of 24x106 cell l-1 (Labib and Halim, 1995). For the first time massive fish kills in the whole area accompanied the bloom. Since 1995: The most important feature in this phase is the disappearance of A. minutum from its type locality, the Eastern Harbour. The species became replaced by other potentially harmful species, which often form red tides and remain endemic to the harbour: Chattonella sp., P. minimum, P. triestinum, Pseudonitzschia pungens , Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros spp. (Ismael and Halim, 2001 and Ismael et al., 2005) No formal HAB monitoring programme is in place in Egypt although limited fish kills do occur occasionally. Research and monitoring is carried out however by separate teams in marine and inland waters. Blooms of potentially harmful species were recorded along Alexandria coast and in other ports along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. ________________________________________________________________________________ Harmful Phytoplankton in Abda-Doukkala Coastal Area (Moroccan Atlantic) Asmae Bennouna (1), Jauad El Attar(2), Brigitte Berland (2), Omar Assobhei (3) Station de Surveillance de la Salubrit, Centre regional de l'Institut National de Recherche Halieutique (INRH), Agadir, Maroc; Centr d'Ocanologie de Marseille. Station Marine d'Endoume. Rue de la Batterie des Lions. 13007. Marseille. France. Laboratoire MAB, Facult des Sciences, Universit Chouaib Doukkali d'Eljadida, El Jadida. Maroc. The monitoring of phytoplankton population was carried out from January 1999 to December 2003 along of Abda-Doukkala coastal waters including Oualidia ans Sidi Moussa aquacoles lagoons. Phytoplankton and shellfish were collected bimonthly to weekly from the same are. The aim of this study is the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of harmful phytoplankton and phycotoxins in shellfish (mussels, clams and oysters). Potentially harmful detected species belong to Dinophysis, Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, Gyrodinium, Prorocentrum, Lingulodinium, Pseudonitzschia taxa etc. The occurrence of Lingulodinium polyedrum red tides, which are accompagned by DSP in shellfish, has probably as origin the internal waves created by moderate winds bellowing constantly in the same direction with constant speed. The change of climatic conditions might also be the cause of the dispersal of this phenomenon. Alexandrium involved in production of PSP showed large spatio-temporel variability. Species were growing from spring to the beginning of autumn, with maximal density at the summer. The higher concentration to the threshold (103 cell.l-1) didn't produce PSP toxicity. Dinophysis was present all the year and have large spatio-temporel variability. Higher density and diversity of species were noted at the summer. Some values, although they are very higher than the sanitary norms (4.102 cell.l-1) didn't make DSP toxicity. However, their low concentrations were sufficient at July 1999 to involve DSP toxicity (OA and DTX2), which has been confirmed by HPLC analysis. This toxicity was detected in shellfish again in autumn 2000, 2002 and at the summer period (July 2003). ________________________________________________________________________________ Variability of levels toxicity for dinoflagellate in Gabes coasts and sojourn time in shellfish in field and in detoxification experiment HAMZA ASMA (1), DAMMAK HELA (1), MEDHIOUB AMEL (2), MEDHIOUB NEJIB (2), MAHFOUDHI MABROUKA (1) & KHARRAT RIADH (3) (1)Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, BP1035-3018 Sfax, Tunisie (2) Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, route de Khniss, Monastir , Tunisie. (3) Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Rue Alain Savarie, Tunis, Tunisie. Phytoplankton monitoring program in Gabes gulf lanced since 1995 dont characterize only status of shellfish harvest area but provide also various data of this population (diversity, abundance and specific phenomenon as bloom, toxic species and enkystement). Harmful Blooms algae are recurrent and widespread in Gabes gulf but only six species were confirmed toxic (Alexandrium minutum, Karenia selliformis, Coolia monotis, Protoceratium relticulatum, Prorocentrum lima and Karlodinium veneficum). The level of toxicity of the same species varied among different coasts. Karenia selliformis appear to be more toxic in north coasts than in Bougrara lagoon whereas Alexandrium minutum take inverted situation. The toxin long stay in shellfish dont much varied with diverse levels or in different collect areas but when bivalve where translate to detoxification tank, the sojourn decrease and change with each control parameters and technique of handing. ________________________________________________________________________________ Dinofllagellate cyst from surface sediment of Walidia lagoon, Morrocan atlantic water and their implication in lingulodinium polyhedra (Stein and Dodge,1981) bloom. Touria Hssaida*, Btissam Ennaffah**, Abdelghani Chafik**. *:Universit Hassan II, Mohammedia, Facult des Sciences Ben MSik, Sidi Othmane, Casablanca, Maroc. **Institut National de la Recherche Halieutique, Casablanca, Maroc The associated cyst content of sediment in Walidia lagoon, were determined and their possible implication in the occurrence of toxic blooms. The study of walidia lagoon surface sediment showed that the high density of cyst was enumerated during September. Since February, the density begins to decrease. The observation of the palynologic slide defines 3 species of Dinoflagellate: Lingulodinium machaerophorum Deflandre et Cookson, 1955, Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre et Cookson, 1955), Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg, 1938). This assemblage of cyst was dominated by lingulodinium machaerophorum: cyst of lingulodinium polyhedrum (D.wall et B. Dale, 1968; D. Wall et al., 1977), the abundance of this cyst decrease at the end of April. A positive correlation was observed for the number empty cyst and the occurrence of bloom of lingulodinium polyhedrum, the maxima of the full cyst was observed at the September beginning, its corresponds at the end of the bloom. ________________________________________________________________________________ Phytoplankton seasonal succession in Sidi Saad dam (Tunisia) and determination of factors induced cyanobacterial blooms Zekri I.1, Hamza A.1, Ben rohmadan s. 2., Salemi i.3 .,El Bour M.2, AKROUT F. 2& Bouan A.3 1 Institut national des Sciences Technologiques de la Mer, centre de Sfax BP 1035 Sfax 3018. 2 Institut National des Sciences Technologiques de la Mer, 2025 Salammb-Tunis, Tunisie. 3 Laboratoire de planctonologie, Unit de recherche 00/UR/0907 Ecobiologie, Planctonologie et Microbiologie des Ecosystmes Marins. Dpartement des Sciences de la vie. Facult des Sciences de Sfax BP 802, CP 3018 Sfax_Tunisie. E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:imenbentaherzekri@yahoo.fr" imenbentaherzekri@yahoo.fr, asma.hamza@ instm.rnrt.tn Throughout the world, Cyanobacterial mass accumulations in freshwater attract the attention of water-user groups, since they start to present healthy problems and to cause damage to ecosystem. In Tunisia we havent many rivers and freshwater lack but risk of contamination by cyanobacteria can be occurred in reservoir and dam that were established to drain run water in many localities in the country. Sidi Saad dam (center of Tunisia) can catch 70Mm3 and all water are disturbed for agriculture and some industries in this region. To study phytoplankton and cyanobacterial fluctuation in this reservoir we plan monthly survey from february 2005 to january 2006. Results of hydrobiological parameters correlate with phytoplankton abundance range that reservoir as mesotrophic water. The overage phytoplankton biomass in surface especially in spring attempt 4 mg/m3 of chlorophyl a and corresponding of development cyanobacteria rich 0,044 108 to 9, 02 108 Cell/l. Microcystis aeruginosa was essential dominate species in -5 m depth and this abundance is correlated with higher concentration of nitrates. ________________________________________________________________________________ Occurrence of freshwater harmful cyanobacterial blooms in North Africa countries OUDRA Brahim Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Micro-organisms, Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, University Cadi Ayyad, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.ma" oudra@ucam.ac.ma or  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudas02@yahoo.fr" oudas02@yahoo.fr Increasingly, harmful cyanobacterial blooms are being reported worldwide due to several factors, primarily water eutrophication acceleration, global climate change (particularly temperature rising), intensive human sanitary care and more scientific investigation and monitoring. Cyanobacterial toxins occur in variuos fresh (lakes, ponds, rivers and reservoirs) and brackish (seas, estuaries, and lakes) waters throughout the world. The microorganisms responsible include an estimated 40 genera but the main ones are Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Lyngbya, Nostoc, and Planktothrix. The cyanotoxins include cytotoxins and biotoxins with biotoxins being responsible for acute lethal, acute, chronic and sub-chronic poisonings of wild/domestic animals and humans. Although that freshwater cyanobacteria toxin poisonings are mainly less frequent than marine dinoflagellate toxin poisonings. The most confirmations of human deaths from cyanotoxins are limited to chronic exposure during the tragedy of Caruaru syndrome, Brazil, in 1996. The major aim of this study is to compile all available information on harmful cyanobacterial blooms occurring in various water-bodies in North Africa countries (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia). According to last recommendation published by the World Health Organization related to the cyanotoxins monitoring, particularly in drinking water, the sanitary risk management, safe water practices and prevention programmes carried out in the this Mediterranean region will be presented and discussed. ________________________________________________________________________________ Effets dun extrait de bloom naturel de Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobactrie) sur le dveloppement embryo-larvaire du poisson zbre (Danio rerio): Etude exprimentale EL GHAZALI Issam,1 SAQRANE Sana,1 CARVALHO Antonio Paulo,2,3 OUDRA Brahim,1 VASCONCELOS Vitor 2,3 1 Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des micro-organismes, Unit de Microbiologie et de Toxicologie Environnementales. Dpartement de Biologie Facult des Sciences Semlalia Universit Cadi Ayyad, B.P. 2390, Marrakech 40 000 Maroc.  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.ma" oudra@ucam.ac.ma or  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudas02@yahoo.fr" oudas02@yahoo.fr 2 Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas 177, Porto 4050-123, Portugal. 3 Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Faculdade de Cincias, Universidade do Porto, 4050009 Porto, Portugal. Les effets toxiques de plusieurs espces de cyanobactries d'eau douce, notamment Microcystis et de ses toxines, les microcystins, sont bien connus. Cependant, il a trs peu dinformations au sujet des effets des mtabolites autres que les alcalodes. Dans cette tude, des tests ont t effectus sur le poisson zbre (Danio rerio) durant le dveloppement embryonnaire et larvaire pour essayer de mettre en vidence les effets lis lexposition lextrait toxique dun bloom naturel de Microcystis aeruginosa. Avec cette approche, nous avons essay de simuler la situation frquente dans les cosystmes aquatiques quand les poissons sont exposs aux toxines des cyanobactries, particulirement durant les premires tapes du dveloppement. Les rsultats obtenus dvoilent un taux de mortalit lev chez les embryons et lapparition de nombreuses malformations (dmes, courbement du dos et de la queue). Ces rsultats montrent les risques lis l'exposition aux blooms de cyanobactries toxiques durant les premires tapes de la vie des poissons. This research has been partially funded by the Portuguese-Moroccan project convention CNRST/GRICES _______________________________________________________________________________________ Screening of toxic cyanobacterial isolated strains form various Moroccan inland waters Douma M., Oudra B, M. Loudiki a Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des micro-organismes, Universit Cadi Ayyad,Facult des Sciences Semlalia Marrakech Dpartement de Biologie. B.P.23 90 Marrakech 40 000 Maroc.  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.ma" oudra@ucam.ac.ma or  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudas02@yahoo.fr" oudas02@yahoo.fr The major aim of this study is to update, supplement the existing cyanobacteria inventory and to isolate new toxic strains in more than 40 moroccan inland waters. Almost 300 taxa of cyanobacteria were inventoried. 78 taxa are quoted for the first time in Morocco. 29 strains of cyanobacteria were isolated and cultured under laboratory conditions. Using HPLC-PDA technique, 4 samples of Microcystis blooms showed the presence of microcystins (MCs) and 3 of 29 isolates strains are confirmed as microcystins producers. We showed that the taxonomic inventory was largely increased and several cyanobacteria strains were characterized for their toxicity. The Results can be useful as bases to identify the aquatic environments, potentially contaminated by cyanotoxins, able to generate a high sanitary risk. It constitutes also a base for a possible biotechnological valorisation of these species. ________________________________________________________________________________ Impact cologique et risques sanitaires lis lutilisation des eaux contamines par les toxines des cyanobactries Saqrane S.1, El ghazali I.1, Ouahid Y.2, Oudra B.1, V. Vasconcelos V.3 F.F. Del Campo2 1 Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des micro-organismes, Universit Cadi Ayyad, Facult des Sciences Semlalia Marrakech Dpartement de Biologie. B.P.23 90 Marrakech 40 000 Maroc.  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.ma" oudra@ucam.ac.ma or  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudas02@yahoo.fr" oudas02@yahoo.fr Dpto. Biologa. Universidad Autnoma de Madrid Depto. de Zoologa e Antropologa, Universidade do Porto y Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigaao Marinha e Ambiental, Porto Dans les eaux douces, la prsence des toxines des cyanobactries induit un impact cologique, sanitaire et socio-conomique dsastreux. La contamination des eaux dirrigation par ces toxines pourrait avoir un effet ngatif considrable aussi bien sur le dveloppement de certaines plantes, que sur la sant humaine et animale suite la consommation des produits agricoles contamins. Bien que ces risques engendrs par la prsence des cyanotoxines en quantit importante dans les eaux destines lirrigation, les recherches dans ce domaine restent insuffisantes pour mieux sensibiliser et avertir sur ce problme. En effet, il semble intressant et opportun de donner de limportance cette nouvelle problmatique qui sera aborde dans ce travail en traant comme objectifs ltude de leffet de lextrait aqueux des cyanobactries toxiques sur la germination des graines et la croissance des plantules du mas comme plante modle. Ainsi, une analyse de bioaccumulation des cyanotoxines par ces plantes a t ralise par HPLC sur les diffrents organes: racine, tige et feuilles afin dtudier la possibilit de transfert des toxines de cyanobactries au sein de la plante et dans la chane trophique. Lanalyse des rsultats va permettre de savoir et de sinformer sur limpact cologique, conomique et sanitaire ventuellement li lusage en agriculture des eaux des retenues de barrages connaissant lapparition frquente des blooms cyanobactries toxiques. Mots cls: Cyanobactries, Cyanotoxines, Eau dirrigation, Plantes, Germination, croissance et risque sanitaire. This research has been partially funded by the Portuguese-Moroccan project convention CNRST/GRICES. This research has been partially funded by the AECI Spanish-Moroccan project A/4905/06 Comparison analysis of phytoplankton assemblages and HAB species between confined and open coastal waters in Algiers area. H. Illoul1, M. Mas2 and R. Sridji3 1 Institut des Sciences de la Mer et de lAmnagement du Littoral (ISMAL) Algiers, Algeria 2 Institut de Cincies del Mar (ICM, CSIC) Barcelona, Spain. 3 Facult des Sciences Biologiques (FSB, USTHB) Algiers, Algeria A total of 15 potentially toxic microalgae and 18 potential high-biomass bloom producers and discolorations have been identified in Algiers coastal area (the Algiers, Bou-Ismal and El Djamila Bays) and Algiers harbour in 2001-2003. The phytoplankton assemblages from open coastal waters and confined waters (Algiers harbour) are compared. Among potentially toxin producers registered: the dinoflagellates Dinophysis cf. acuminta, D. sacculus, Gymnodinium catenatum Alexandrium minutum, A. cf. tamarense and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha. Bloom forming dinoflagellate (Lepidodinium chlorophorum), diatom (Cyclotella meneghiniana) and holococcolithophore (Holococcolithophora sphaeroidea) reached very high concentrations in Algiers harbour during summer 2003. The last species caused a strong yellowish discoloration in the whole Algiers harbour and bay and extended toward off-shore waters by an anticyclonic eddy generated by the Algerian current. ____________________________________________________________________ Effects of toxic cyanobacterial bloom extract on germination and the growth of Medicago sativa seedlings EL Ghazali, I.,1 Saqrane, S.,1 Oudra, B.,1 Vasconcelos, V.2,3 1 Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des micro-organismes, Unit de Microbiologie et de Toxicologie Environnementales Universit Cadi Ayyad, Facult des Sciences Semlalia Marrakech Dpartement de Biologie. B.P.23 90 Marrakech 40 000 Maroc  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.ma" oudra@ucam.ac.ma or  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudas02@yahoo.fr" oudas02@yahoo.fr 2 Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas 177, Porto 4050-123, Portugal 3 Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Faculdade de Cincias, Universidade do Porto, 4050009 PORTO, Portugal Microcystins are natural toxins produced by several cyanobacteria genera (Anabaena, Microcystis, Nostoc). These toxins may attain high concentrations especially in shore concentrated blooms during summer. The occurrence of microcystins in lakes used for irrigation purposes may influence the development of certain cultures. This work was designed in order to answer this question. An experiment using Medicago sativa was designed by exposing seeds and plants to extracts of a natural bloom of M. aeruginosa. A reduced growth of plants exposed to extracts was observed. The bioaccumulation of toxins in roots and aerial plant parts was also assessed by an ELISA assay. The risks of using water contaminated with microcystins for irrigation of plant cultures is discussed. This research has been partially funded by the Portuguese-Moroccan project convention CNRST/GRICES Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in various Moroccan inland waterbodies Doumaa M., Oudraa B,. Ouahid b Y. F. F. del Campo b, M. Loudikia a Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des micro-organismes, Universit Cadi Ayyad,Facult des Sciences Semlalia Marrakech Dpartement de Biologie. B.P.23 90 Marrakech 40 000 Maroc.  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.ma" oudra@ucam.ac.ma or  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudas02@yahoo.fr" oudas02@yahoo.fr b Laboratorio de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departamento de Biologa, Universidad Autnoma de Madrid, Spain In Morocco, a country with an arid / semi arid Mediterranean climate, cyanobacteria blooms are common in water bodies used for recreation and/or drinking water and irrigation. Poisoning events of fish, aquatic birds and livestock have been observed specially during late summer in some Moroccan reservoirs and natural ponds; but, in no case, the animal mortality reasons have been explored, in spite of the fact that both oxygen low concentration and particularly abundant cyanobacteria in these water bodies have been registered. The main objective of this work was to contribute to determine the contamination risk by cyanotoxicity in Moroccan inland waters. For that purpose, more than 40 aquatic environments (including fresh and salt waters, used for irrigation, recreational activities and drinking water supply), distributed along the country, were prospected and sampled over three years (2003-2006). The collected material was first observed under microscope to study the cyanobacteria present, and further analysed for microcystin (MC) production by HPLC-PDA. The results can be summarized as follows: thirty cyanobacterial strains were successfully isolated, belonging to 13 genera eight strains from Microcystis, Oscillatoria and Pseudoanabaena genera were found to produce MCs MC-producing blooms were detected in various sites, mainly dominated by Microcystis genera the MC content in blooms ranged between 1.87 and 64.4 g Eq. MC-LR.g dw-1 The above results clearly point to the need for a programme to monitor potentially contaminated Moroccan inland waters that allow assessing their health risk. This research has been partially funded by the AECI Spanish-Moroccan project A/4905/06 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Phytotoxic effects of Microcystis extracts on Duckweed Saqrane S.1, El ghazali I.1, Ouahid Y.2, Oudra B.1, V. Vasconcelos V.3 F.F. Del Campo2 1 Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des micro-organismes, Universit Cadi Ayyad, Facult des Sciences Semlalia Marrakech Dpartement de Biologie. B.P.23 90 Marrakech 40 000 Maroc.  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.ma" oudra@ucam.ac.ma or  HYPERLINK "mailto:oudas02@yahoo.fr" oudas02@yahoo.fr 2 Dpto. Biologa. Universidad Autnoma de Madrid 3 Depto. de Zoologa e Antropologa, Universidade do Porto y Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigaao Marinha e Ambiental, Porto The occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in the aquatic environment constitutes a serious risk for the ecological balance and the functioning of the ecosystems. The presence of cyanotoxins in the ecosystems could have eventual adverse effects on aquatic plants, which play an important biological role as primary producers. The present study used Lemna gibba as the test plant for two main objectives: Firstly, to investigate if chronic exposure of Lemna gibba to cyanobacteria microcystins producing could affect plant growth and chlorophyll (a+b) content. Secondly, to study the possibility of microcystins accumulation and biodegradation into Lemna gibba. Experiments were carried out with a range of microcystins doses, obtained from toxic Microcystis culture extracts (0.075, 0.15, 0.22 and 0.3g equivalent MC-LR mL-1). Following microcystins extract exposure, a significant decrease of plant growth and chlorophyll content was observed. Also, it was demonstrated that Lemna gibba could be able to uptake and to bio-transform microcystins, a suspected microcystins degradation metabolite have been detected into treated Lemna cells. The bioaccumulation effect induced by microcystins chronic exposure, confirm that in aquatic ecosystems, plants coexisting with toxic cyanobacteria blooms, may cause an important negative ecological impact and represent a real sanitary risk consequently to toxins bioaccumulation and bio-transfer through the food chain. This research has been partially funded by the AECI Spanish-Moroccan project A/4905/06 This research has been partially funded by the Portuguese-Moroccan project convention CNRST/GRICES ____________________________________________________________________ E[\jk ɻɻxeSB hcvFhG CJOJQJ^JaJ"hcvFhcvF5CJOJQJ\aJ%hcvFhoL&B*CJOJQJaJph%hcvFhG B*CJOJQJaJph"hcvFhG 5CJOJQJ\aJh\ hoL&B*OJQJphh\ hG B*OJQJphh\ hH*OJQJ\h\ hoL&H*OJQJ\h\ hOJQJ\h\ h56CJ]aJh\ h5CJ]aJE6 f  n w [-xy$a$gdegd\ $a$gd\ gd\ $^`a$gd $^`a$gd $a$gd\ $a$gd\  5 8 P e  J  ) 9 _   a l # $ ƿ~ujuhY.h )CJaJh )6CJaJhDHh )6CJaJh h )6CJaJh qh )CJaJhDHh )CJaJh )CJaJhWh )CJaJ h%hG hcvFhG CJOJQJ^JaJ/hcvFhG 5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJph hcvFhoL&CJOJQJ^JaJ)$ , : C V m n v w (6V}78Cc,-xyŶphe56CJaJmH sH heCJaJmH sH h-=h )6CJaJmH sH h#h )CJaJmH sH h )CJaJmH sH h~ h )CJaJmH sH  h )5hWh )5hWh )CJaJmH sH h h )6CJaJhWh )CJaJh )CJaJ%yFGHI36EOҸҭ|qcXh0hcvFmH sH h7VhcvF6]mH sH hkhAhcvFmH sH hcvF5mH sH hcvFB*mH phsH hUJhcvFmH sH hcvF6mH sH hcvFmH sH hhcvFCJaJhcvFCJ\aJ hdhcvFB* CJ\aJphhdhcvFCJ\aJhdhcvF5CJaJmH sH "hdhcvF56CJaJmH sH GH  3$&d P a$gdcvF$a$gdcvF]gde $]a$gd gde$a$gd $&d P a$gdcvF$a$gdcvFgdcvF$a$gdcvFVi5EFUYZghj ȾȴȰȰqq\Gq(h-hcvF56CJ\]aJmH sH (h h 56CJ\]aJmH sH "h-h 5CJ\aJmH sH "h-hcvF5CJ\aJmH sH hzZhcvF6] hcvF6]h!hcvF6]hcvFh6hcvF6]hkhAhcvF6] hkhAhcvFhChcvF5mH sH hUhcvF5mH sH h0hcvFmH sH h0hcvF6]mH sH    2F(*>·tititXti hMn5hdQ56CJ\]aJhdQ5CJ\aJhMn5hdQ5CJ\aJh-hemH sH hemH sH hcvFmH sH h-hcvFH*mH sH h-hcvF6]mH sH h-hcvFmH sH  h-hehcvF h-hcvFh3hcvFCJaJ"h-he5CJ\aJmH sH hcvF5CJ\aJmH sH "?@"""""#6#7##$U$$$ 7$8$H$gddQ $7$8$H$a$gddQ$&d P a$gddQ$a$gddQ$a$gddQ$a$gdcvF$&d P a$gdcvF  '(+,2>?@OP  !!!!!!!"""´hdQhdQhdQ6] hdQhdQhdQCJaJhwNhdQ6CJaJhdQ6CJ]aJhMn5hdQ6CJ]aJhMn5hdQCJaJ h hdQ hW"hdQhMn5hdQ5CJaJhdQ5CJ\aJhMn5hdQ5CJ\aJ)""#####'#(#3#4#6#7#$U$$$$ʹkRk=R)h phdQB*CJOJQJ^JaJph1h1gfhdQB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH )h1gfhdQB*CJOJQJ^JaJph1htshdQB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH 4hJhdQB*CJH*OJQJ^JaJmH phsH 1hRhdQB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH +hdQB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH 7h1gfhdQ5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJmH phsH $$%% %%%%%y%z%%%*&.&/&0&&&&&&&P'Q''ɨ|gUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUD hA-hdQOJQJ^JmH sH #hdQB*OJQJ^JmH phsH )hRhdQB*OJQJ^JmH phsH )hdQ5B*OJQJ\^JmH phsH ,h1gfhdQ0JCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH @jh1gfhdQB*CJOJQJU^JaJmH phsH 1h1gfhdQB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH :jh1gfhdQB*CJOJQJU^JaJmH phsH $%%Q'),//s/t/0`0000U6V6W66$&d P a$gde $7$8$H$a$gdeLx]L^gdegde$a$gde$&d 7$8$H$P a$gddQ $7$8$H$a$gddQ 7$8$H$gddQ'' ( (g((()g)h))),*-*****N+O+++,,G,N,g,h,,,,,,-ݾϾvbbb&h %hdQ6OJQJ]^JmH sH hdQOJQJ^JmH sH hdQmH sH h %hdQmH sH #hdQB*OJQJ^JmH phsH )hRhdQB*OJQJ^JmH phsH  hXhdQOJQJ^JmH sH hdQOJQJ^JmH sH  hA-hdQOJQJ^JmH sH "hdQCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH !--#-%-8-q----.:.K.L...../s/t/////////////00ۿۿʿۿ۱|pbp|pbpbpbph}nzheCJH*\aJh}nzheCJ\aJh}nzheCJH*\]aJh}nzheCJ\]aJh|he5CJ aJ h}nzhe5CJaJhdQOJQJ^JmH sH h %hdQmH sH  h %hdQOJQJ^JmH sH &h %hdQ6OJQJ]^JmH sH  h %hdQOJQJ^JmH sH !00`0c00000000002#2)2*282?2U2]2q2t222223333333333 444V4ɻ誛wwwoowht[heH*ht[he]ht[he6] ht[hehmheCJaJhmheB*CJaJph hY%he>*B*CJaJphht[he5CJ\aJh}nzheCJaJhY%heCJ\aJheCJaJhY%heCJaJhY%heCJH*aJ(V4X4`4b4j4l44444444455&5(5?5I5555555T6V6W6666@7A7V7{8888A99ŹŹ굪zzohVWheB*phhVWhe6]h#he5\ h he hVWhehhe5CJ\aJhe5CJ\aJheht[heH*mH sH ht[hemH sH ht[he6]ht[he6ht[heH* ht[heht[heH*OJQJ^J(66,7V7W7<E?P@FGGGG H&H'HzH$a$gd;qb$a$gd;qb $`a$gd;qb $`a$gd;qb 7$8$H$gde$&d 7$8$H$P `a$gde$7$8$H$`a$gde $7$8$H$a$gde $7$8$H$a$gde999:U:`::::::::);*;V;W;;;;;;;;;; <<<^<`<<<<<<<<<<<==========>$>1>2>>>>>>>>>?پپ˰ٰپhVWheH*hVWheH*hVWhe5B*\phhVWheB*H*phhVWhe6B*]phhVWheB*phhVWhe6] hVWhehVWhenH tH ??? ?@?B?C?g?r?}?~?????D@N@O@P@ A!A$A0A3AAAAAAABBBBBB/C:C;DFDfDiDDD0E=E?EEFFF F!F.FRFvF|FFFFF,G.GGŶŶŶhVWheOJQJ^JhVWhe6B*]phhVWhe6]hnH tH hVWhehnH tH hVWhemH sH hVWhe6]hVWheB*phhVWheH* hVWhe=GGGGGGGGHH#H%H&H'HHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIL³³«wll`l`l`lhMh;qbH*nH tH hMh;qbnH tH hMh;qb0JjhMh;qbUjhMh;qbU hMh;qbh;qb h~h;qbh;qbCJaJh;qbh;qb5CJH*\aJh;qbh;qb5CJ\aJh;qbCJaJnH tH hVWheB*phheB*ph hVWhehVWhe6]!zHHHHQQQ"R#RARBRSzTW[['\(\\\$&d P a$gd;qb$a$gd;qbgd;qb$a$gd;qb $]a$gd;qb$h&d P ]`ha$gd;qb$a$gd;qbLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMM#N0NNNNNOO\P QQQQQQQQQ"R.S8SJSUShSwSSSSSSSSSSTTTTT%T'T2T4T;T=T缫ʡʡʡʡʡʡʡʡʡʚ hh;qbhGPh;qb6] h Ch;qb56CJ\]aJh Ch;qb5CJ\aJh;qbhMh;qbH* hMh;qbhMh;qb6]hMh;qbnH tH hMh;qb6]nH tH <=TITKTUTWTdThTwTTTU UVVVVWWWWXXaYkYYY[[[[\'\)\\\]\\\\륒xm_mh':h;qb6B*]phh':h;qbB*phh;qbB*phh':h;qb_H4h;qb5\_H4$h':h;qb56CJ\]_H4aJh':h;qb5CJ\_H4aJh(|h;qb6]hqZh;qbH*h(|h;qbH*hzj=h;qb6]hb&Vh;qbH*hmv8h;qb6]h;qb hh;qbhGPh;qb6]%\\]\-]]]R^___L_l_m_____`hGiHi$&d P a$gd;qb$a$gd;qbgd;qb$a$gd;qb$&d 7$8$H$P a$gd;qb$7$8$H$`a$gd;qb $7$8$H$a$gd;qb\\_____m_{______aaeegg#g3ggghhhh4iAiFiIipiiiiiiŷses_ h_H h56CJ\]aJ hth56CJ\]aJhth5CJ\aJh=h;qb6]h=h;qb6h;qbCJaJh;qb h=h;qbhY0h;qb5CJ\aJhY0h;qb5B*\phh\h;qbB*phh;qbB*phh':h;qbB*phh':h;qb6B*]ph%HiIiiiiih6]mH sH h>hmH sH h>hB*mH ph3fsH h>hmH sH hCJaJmH sH "h>h5CJ\aJmH sH h5CJ\aJmH sH hCJaJhiGAhCJaJhh6] hhhh5CJ\aJ h_H hth5CJ\aJ hth56CJ\]aJMsvYwIxxx yAyyyy{{y|t}}g$ J]Ja$gdY0gd$a$gd $ & Fa$gd $`a$gd$a$gdwwxy@yyghqvƃʃك݃ރ;>w{|³~s~sk`ks`QhOhY0CJaJmH sH hOhY0CJaJhY0CJaJhY%hY0CJaJhY%hY0CJH*aJ"huhY05CJ\aJmH sH hhY0H*mH sH hhY0mH sH h>hY0B*mH phsH "hhY05CJ\aJmH sH h hiRhhmH sH h>hmH sH h>h6]mH sH gh݃ރ;IJY։ $7$8$H$a$gdY0$ G]Ga$gdY0$ G]Ga$gdY0$Lx]L^a$gdY0$a$gdY0$ G]Ga$gdY0„ӄՄքׄ 6>;AIS̆͆҆ӆ̷̛ފxmbZbZbZOZbZbZDZDht/LhY0mH sH hSphY0mH sH hY0mH sH h,S9hY0mH sH huhY0mH sH "huhY05CJ\aJmH sH  hwV=hY00JCJaJmH sH 7jhwV=hY0>*B*CJUaJmH phsH (hOhY0>*B*CJaJmH phsH "hY0>*B*CJaJmH phsH +jhY0>*B*CJUaJmH phsH hY0CJaJmH sH ӆ "-67 38@CDEI0EOdNj4@EMf{-wlhhY0CJaJ hm*hY0OJQJ^JmH sH hm*hY0H*mH sH hm*hY06]mH sH hY0CJaJmH sH hm*hY0mH sH "hY0hY05CJ\aJmH sH hDe%hY0mH sH hLhY0^JmH sH hY0^JmH sH ht/LhY0mH sH hY0mH sH (^ύ./Gڐ!Ǖgh$a$gdY0gdY0$a$gdY0gdY0$ & F7$8$H$a$gdY0 $7$8$H$a$gdY0-./K^#nx&17ACPRilƕǕ12;JhW.8:EGRT^`ln{}鴩hOhY06]hOhY0CJaJhY05CJ\aJhOhY05CJ\aJ hY0o(hhY0o( hY0Zo( hzhY0 hY0H* hY06]hY0hhY0CJaJhY0CJaJ:WXۜ23 45347C$a$gdY0 $`a$gdY0$a$gdY0$a$gdY0 & FgdY0gdY0ܜƝȝžɞ˞3ʠΠ۠ߠ/345678qɾ{mhhY05CJ\aJhY0CJaJhY%hY0CJaJhY0CJH*aJhY%hY0CJH*aJhY05CJ\aJmH sH h?hY0H*mH sH h?hY0mH sH hY05CJ \aJ mH sH "h?hY05CJ\aJmH sH hOhY0H*hOhY06]hY0&ʡ!)*24$&'p̤ߤD˦$&ȿⴤ}kVkNG hQ]hhmH sH (hpAh56CJ\]aJmH sH "hpAh5CJ\aJmH sH hNhY06]mH sH h_uhY0mH sH hi hY06]mH sH hY0mH sH hY0CJaJhhY0CJaJhY0CJH*aJhY%hY0CJH*aJhhY05CJ\aJhY0CJaJhY%hY0CJaJhhY0CJaJCD$̧ͧZjkǬȬ%~cծgd$a$gd$a$gd $h^ha$gd $a$gd $a$gdY0&̧ͧKgҩөԩ+5MNpu}-ҹҒsseZRhY0mH sH h>hmH sH h>h6]mH sH hG>_h6]mH sH  hG>_h56\]mH sH hG>_h5\mH sH hG>_h mH sH hG>_h 5\mH sH h h 6]mH sH hG>_hmH sH h h6]mH sH hmH sH hZhmH sH  hQ]h hCJ ijkst~ŬƬǬȬɬ$%&~cɽ~r~bZSZS~ hFhhFhH*hFh0J5\mH sH hFhH*mH sH hFhmH sH hFh;H*mH sH hFh;mH sH hFh;mHsHhFh;H*mH sH hFh;mH sH h5;CJ\aJmH sH (hFh56CJ\]aJmH sH "hFh5CJ\aJmH sH cilmծ֮89=>)*}γϳܳӱ䱩yg_ThxwhmH sH hmH sH "hxwh5CJ\aJmH sH hN:ehmH sH hNh6]mH sH hNhH*mH sH hNhmH sH hmH sH hFh0J6mHsH&jhFh6UmH sH  jhFh6UmH sH hFh6mHsHhFh56\mHsHծ֮io+|}γϳܳƴ>YTU!"$a$gdgd$a$gd$a$gd $`a$gdܳ#$ŴƴǴ)*+;<=>b˵̵ӵ#7ITUVbcijs{CNP훎uh6]mH sH h"Vh6]mH sH h"Vh0JmH sH h0JmH sH h c4hmH sH #jOh;)thUmH sH h;)th0JmH sH #jh;)thUmH sH jhUmH sH hmH sH h"VhmH sH .PfQlyϸѸ۸ )@GQdVvӻ1<TUfgvwԼԮwhxwhmHsHhxwhH*mHsHhxwhmHsHh hxwh56CJ\]aJhxwh5CJ\aJh"Vh0JmH sH hhmH sH hmH sH h"VhmH sH h6]mH sH h"Vh6]mH sH +Ͻнѽ !"#oZD+h`hCJH*OJQJ^JaJmHsH(h`hCJOJQJ^JaJmHsH#jh`hUmH sH h`hmHsHh`h0JmHsH#jh`hUmH sH jh`hUmH sH  h`hh`hH*h,zDhH*hxwhH*mHsHhxwhmHsHhxwhmHsHhxwhH*mHsH#U`dkCNPYCMNst 1:Wl !$%| h`hCJOJQJ^JaJhCJOJQJ^JaJ&hh6CJOJQJ]^JaJ hhCJOJQJ^JaJ(h`hCJOJQJ^JaJmHsH+h`hCJH*OJQJ^JaJmHsH(h`hCJOJQJ^JaJmHsH,%8X`a/0f $^a$gd $ & Fa$gd gd $^a$gd $a$gd $7$8$H$a$gd $a$gd gd $xa$gd%8=>GIVXY<=>NOSTyz{tgUg#jkhcNh UmH sH hcNh 0JmH sH #jhcNh UmH sH jhcNh UmH sH hcNh mH sH  hcNh hcNh 5H*]hxwh H*]mHsHhxwh ]mHsH"hxwh 5CJ\aJmH sH hCJ]mH sH h6CJmH sH h6CJmH sH a -./012ŹufuTf#j2hcNh UmH sH jhcNh UmH sH h.h mH sH h hcNh h.h ]h.h H*]h.h H*]mH sH hxwh H*]mH sH hxwh ]mH sH hxwh 5CJaJh mH sH hmh 6]mH sH hmh mH sH h 56\]mH sH '(,-RSTdefLM 仯{peWL>hhCJ]mH sH hmh mH sH h h CJ]mH sH h CJ]mH sH h 6CJmH sH  hLh h?h 5h h.h ]mHsHh ]mHsHh.h ]mHsHh.h ]mH sH h.h ]mH sH #jhcNh UmH sH h.h mH sH jhcNh UmH sH h.h 0JmH sH M !"#%&'()*+gdY0$a$gdY0`gdY0 $`a$gdY0$a$gdY0 $`a$gd$a$gdgd$a$gd gd $]^a$gd  !"#&'(),-./1256789<>Sjx׭עעח}q_M_Bhh mH sH "h05h 5CJ\aJmH sH "h05h 5CJ\aJmH sH hCJaJmH sH h>hmH sH hhY0hmH sH h>hY0mH sH ht/LhY0mH sH hDe%hY0mH sH hY0 hY0o(hY0hY0mH sH h;hY0mH sH hY0mH sH hhmH sH hN:ehmH sH hhmH sH +,-.01346789:;<=>?@ABCDEFG$gd$a$gd$ G]Ga$gdY0gdY0GHIJKLMNOPQRSO=>~gd $a$gd $a$gd $a$gd NOQntu #Eeps|~ºͱѠ蕍蕁rhh 6\]mH sH hh 6mH sH h mH sH hh mH sH hrfh mH sH  h CJhrfh CJh mHsHhrfh mHsHh hrfh hrfh H*h mH sH hh mH sH hrfh H*mH sH ,*,-5Lg#23<=>MN\]ijz~иthththth]hCh mH sH hxwh H*mH sH hxwh mH sH hCh >*mH sH (hxwh B*CJ]aJmH phsH .hxwh 56B*CJ\aJmH phsH .hxwh 5B*CJ\]aJmH phsH h CJaJmH sH hCJaJmH sH hh mH sH hh 6mH sH VjxyzõÜÀiTT8iT7j h=Th CJOJQJU^JaJmH sH (h=Th CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH ,h=Th 0JCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH 7j h=Th CJOJQJU^JaJmH sH 1jh=Th CJOJQJU^JaJmH sH h CJOJQJ^JaJ h=Th CJOJQJ^JaJ(h=Th CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH +h=Th CJH*OJQJ^JaJmH sH ]9:;<_`st o $ & Fa$gd gd $a$gd $dha$gd $a$gd $7$8$H$a$gd $a$gd ]^"#./67aq89:;<ĸҬҡsfsZNhxwh ]mH sH h h 6mH sH h 5CJaJmH sH hxwh 5CJaJmH sH h mH sH h 6CJmH sH h 6CJmH sH hO#h mH sH hCh 6mH sH hCh ]mH sH hCh 6]mH sH hCh mH sH hCh mHsHh=Th mHsHh=Th H*mHsH̾̾~ssa~sYh mH sH #j hcNh UmH sH hcNh mH sH hcNh 0JmH sH #jN hcNh UmH sH jhcNh UmH sH  hcNh hcNh 5H*]hxwh H*]mH sH hxwh ]mH sH hxwh >*]mH sH hxwh ]mH sH hxwh H*]mH sH _`t*,8=K bcyȿȿȿȿȶȫȅrdXJXJXhxwh H*]mH sH hxwh ]mH sH hxwh 6>*mH sH %hxwh 56CJ]aJmH sH hxwh 5CJaJmH sH h CJ]mH sH h 6CJmH sH h 6CJmH sH h H*mH sH h 6mH sH h mH sH h mH sH h mH nH sH tH hcNh ]mH sH hcNh 5H*]mH sH o bc+\L $^a$gd ^gd $a$gd gd $a$gd $ & Fa$gd MN)*+,-\];~rk_Th H*]mHsHh.h ]mH sH  h H*]h.h ]mH sH #j hcNh UmH sH h.h 0JmH sH #j hcNh UmH sH jhcNh UmH sH h.h mH sH h hcNh h.h ]h.h H*]hxwh ]mH sH hxwh H*]mH sH  ]^5@`klmAFnoĹznzzzf[h 5\mH sH h mH sH hDvh H*mH sH hDvh 6]mH sH hDvh ]mH nH sH tH "hDvh 6]mH nH sH tH hDvh mH nH sH tH hDvh mH sH hvh 5\mHsHh.h ]mHsHh ]mHsHh.h ]mHsHhhlh ]mHsH Kh CJaJmH sH h 6CJmH sH h 6CJmH sH hvh 5\mH sH 21h:p%. A!n"n#$% DyK nelkhiati@gmail.comyK 6mailto:nelkhiati@gmail.comDyK Mikhail_samia@yahoo.comyK >mailto:Mikhail_samia@yahoo.comDyK wafafeki@yahoo.fryK Jmailto:wafafeki@yahoo.fryX;H,]ą'cDyK imenbentaherzekri@yahoo.fryK Dmailto:imenbentaherzekri@yahoo.frDyK oudra@ucam.ac.mayK 0mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.maDyK oudas02@yahoo.fryK 0mailto:oudas02@yahoo.frDyK oudra@ucam.ac.mayK 0mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.maDyK oudas02@yahoo.fryK 0mailto:oudas02@yahoo.frDyK oudra@ucam.ac.mayK 0mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.maDyK oudas02@yahoo.fryK 0mailto:oudas02@yahoo.frDyK oudra@ucam.ac.mayK 0mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.maDyK oudas02@yahoo.fryK 0mailto:oudas02@yahoo.frDyK oudra@ucam.ac.mayK 0mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.maDyK oudas02@yahoo.fryK 0mailto:oudas02@yahoo.frDyK oudra@ucam.ac.mayK 0mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.maDyK oudas02@yahoo.fryK 0mailto:oudas02@yahoo.frDyK oudra@ucam.ac.mayK 0mailto:oudra@ucam.ac.maDyK oudas02@yahoo.fryK 0mailto:oudas02@yahoo.fr@@@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH `@`  Heading 1$((@&#5B*CJ\aJmH phsH tH V@V  Heading 3$<@&5CJOJQJ\^JaJDA@D Default Paragraph FontRiR  Table Normal4 l4a (k(No ListdOd Default1$7$8$H$-B*CJOJ QJ ^J _HaJmH phsH tH H@H  Normal Indentx B*^Jph@B@@ cvF Body Text*$1$ mH sH tH6U@!6 dQ Hyperlink >*B*phB>@2B Y0Title$a$5\_H mH sH tH OA hitbORb Sans interligne(CJOJ PJ QJ ^J_HaJmH sH tH HC@bH  Body Text Indentx^e@r HTML Preformatted7 2( Px 4 #\'*.25@9 CJOJ QJ ^J aJmH sH tH xE6fnw[- x y G H     3?@67UQ!$''s't'(`((((U.V.W...,/V/W/4E7P8>???? @&@'@z@@@@III"J#JAJBJKzLOSS'T(T\T]T-UUURVWWWLWlWmWWWWWX`GaHaIaaaaaYTU!"%8X`a/0fM !"#%&'()*+,-.01346789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSO=>~]9:;<_`st o bc+\L000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a 0a 0a 0a0a0a(0a0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q 0q 0q 0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q 0q 0q 0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q 0q 0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q 0q 0q 0q 0q0000000000000000E6fnw[Q!$s't'(`((((..,/V/W/4E7P8>?? @'@z@\T-UUURVqssyttuuxzzzzz^υ/ڈǍǤȤ%~",@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0K00@0K00K00K00K00K00C00K00K00K00@0@0K0 0K0 0K00K00K00K00K00K00K00K00K0 0K0 0000000 @0K00K00K00K00C00K00K00K00K00K00K00K00K00K00K00K00 @00V @0@0@0@ 0@ 0@ 0K00MK00K00K00{00{00{00{00{00@0 @000\OX $ y "$'-0V49?GL=T\iwӆ-&cܳP#% ]y|}~$6zH\\HiMsgCծ+Goz{@@@|||lƬ*;е =NSz',Sdy)XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX OLE_LINK1 OLE_LINK2hit3hit5''TT.T.TSK~ t  t 4t  4   4 t   4 t   4   4t      4  t   t  4 t   4 t   4 t   4 t   ! 4" # t$ % 4& t' ( ) 4* t+ , - 4. t/ 0 1 42 t3 45 46t7 8 9 4: t; < = 4> E<? 4F<@ tF<A F<B F<C 4G<D tG<E G<FG<G 4H H<I H<J 4I<K tI<L I<MI<N 4J<O tJ<P J<Q J<R 4K<StK<T K<U K<V 4L<W tL<X L<Y L<Z 4M<[ tM<\ ,7] l7^ 7_ 7` ,7a l7b 7c 7d ,7e l7f 7g l7h7i 7j tH<k l7l 7m ,7n 7o 7p ,7q l7r7s ,7t l7u 7v , <w l <x  <y  <z ,!<{ l!<| !<} !<~ ,"<l"< "< ,#< l#< #< #< ,$< l$< $< $< ,%< l%< %< %<Sw z ++!));;HP""h(_)_)/%/%/o@o@@@@@@"A.A.AAAAJJWWWWW5Z5ZZ[[[[^^Y`bddeekkkAnAnHn2q2q**YYgZZrr{[fʎʎkę%%Xת@SS Smcc      !"#$%&'()*+,-./1023456789:;<>=?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abdcefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~_~+ } 22 (//FNRR))o(f)f)#/*/*/y@y@@@@@A,A3A3AAAAJJWWWXX?Z?ZZ[[[[e^f`bddeekkkDnMnMn9q9q11cttaaƂƂwepԎԎqʙ ,,^۪ëGYY''Zt jj  !"#$%&'()*+,-./1023456789:;<>=?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abdcefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ C*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsmetricconverter>:*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PostalCode:*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsStreet8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCityB*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region9W*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState;*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsaddress=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceType9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace>*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PersonName m 2004. A2006, a2500 Km460 Km-5 mla Baiela Merla PSPla Recherche Halieutique la Salubrit la Tunisie ProductID           W :       EN^cmr$+-5JPRT_ey        ! & 0 5 6 < = F  # + 3 6 : ; B F O   V a b i  $5:;EUabg cm{9BCF(1> !"'+2@EFL  &'01:AJNVW^fkruv~!")*4589=KTYaekmrx{|  "%&*+7@FGJKQSXY`aijqrz?CDPQXY^_bglmtSX Xb%&)*3 `d B!I!v!|!}!!!!!!!!!!C"R""""#O#U#i#n#$$$$$$$$$%%%%%%#%%%/%0%7%q%|%}%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&$&:&E&F&K&&&&&&&&&'' '''!'"'1'2'9'='G'['^'_'f'((((((() )))))")#),)-)3)9)A)B)D)E)M)N)T)V)[)_)f)h)t)u){)|)))))))))))))))))))))))** ****#***0*1*8*?*J*K*T*Y*\*]*d*e*p*u*|*}*******************************++ + +++++++'+++0+4+7+8+?+@+G+K+R+h+s+w+z+{+++++++++++++++++++++++++++,, , ,,,,,%,,,0,1,7,;,E,m,y,{,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-----6->-B-I-J-Q-R-V-W-_-`-e-f-i-j-n-o-y--------------------... .....".#.1.2.9.:.?.@.C.D.H.X.a.d.g.j.r....................../// ///#/%/*/,/9/:/@/A/I/W/Z/[/`/k/n/o/u/v/y/z/~//////////////////////////00$0+01050<0I0R0S0V0W0`0o0r0s0y0{00000000000000000000000000011111"1+1,10111;1=1@1A1I1J1W1c1h1i1l1m1r1v1{1111111111111111111111112 2 2 2222+222>2D2E2Q2X2`2a2c2d2m2n2q2u2{2|222222222222222222222222222223 33-31323536393@3E3F3H3N3Q3Z3]3`3h3x3|3}33333333333333333333333344 44(4142454@4C4K4O4Z4\4a4l4m4p4w4|444444444444444444444444444455555555$5%5+5<5?5@5J5T5\5]5c5e5l5n5q5r5y555555555555555555555555555566666666 6'61636;6<6?6@6F6G6O6S6\6]6f6g6j6k6t6u6|6}666666666666666666666666 777777!7'7(7-7173747:7;7?7E7J7K7R7W7Z7j7r7z7}7~77777777777777777777 88888$8%80818586898:8@8G8N8P8[8\8e8f8i8j8u8w8z8{888888888888888888888888888899999 9'9/9093979A9C9F9G9N9O9W9X9[9\9c9d9p9q9w9x9z99999999999999999999999999:::&:+:,:1:2:5:9:>:C:H:I:L:M:S:T:Z:_:e:i:l:m:x:y:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;; ;;;;;2;:;<;?;@;I;X;[;\;b;c;g;h;s;t;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<< <6<:<><F<O<W<X<`<a<e<f<i<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<========= =3=8=?=O=Q=W=X=h=j=r=s=v=w===============>>>>>> >$>.>9>=>>>C>I>L>R>[>\>c>d>o>x>{>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???? ??"?#?,?.?=?>?I?Y?\?e?q?u?x??????????????????@@@ @@@@@!@1@:@>@J@M@V@X@]@c@m@o@y@}@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAA"A,A.A3AGANAOAUAWAZA[A^A_AgAhApAqAuAvAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBB)B*B/B0B6B7B>B?BLB~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCC!C#C&C'C*C+C.C9C>C?CLCMCVCXC_C`CeCfCsCuCxCyC~CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDD D DDDD#D1D2D9DBDFDGDKDLDVDWD\D]DeDfDiDjDnDoDtDxDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEE#E$E0E;E>EIENEOERESEXEYE]E_EkEmEpExEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFF FFFFFFF"F&F0F3F>F?FCFEFRF\F`FtF|F}FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGG%G.G8G@GDGEGHGIGTGXG[GlGpGqGtG{GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHH H.H6H:H>H@HKHRHSHZHgHjHkHvHzH}H~HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHII I I III!I"I+I,I/I0I;IVBVEVFVIVJVPVSVVV]VaVbVgVhVjVkVoVsVyVzVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWW WW W!W(W)W3W4W=WAWKWLWQWRWUWVW[W`WjWoWuW|WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXX&X'X.X0X:X;XEXFXJXKXUXXX]X^XaXeXlXmXuXwXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYY&Y)Y*Y3Y4Y>YBYJYSY\YbYkYqYwYxYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZ Z ZZZ!Z"Z'Z(Z+Z,Z1Z5Z?Z@ZCZDZMZOZYZZZ^Z_ZhZiZpZqZuZ|Z~ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[ [ [[[["[&['[-[/[2[3[:[?[G[K[O[P[S[Y[b[d[l[m[w[x[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\,\3\7\=\>\B\K\Q\W\^\_\c\d\l\q\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]#]$],]<]B]G]J]M]S]T]^]b]m]r]z]{]}]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^ ^^^^ ^"^'^)^2^3^6^7^@^B^D^E^H^I^S^T^]^^^a^b^e^v^~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____"_#_2_3_7_8_A_B_E_F_P_Q_T_U_[___a_b_j_n_v_w_______________________________``` ``0`9`?`B`U`X`Y`f`k`n`````````````````````````````a a aaaaaaa!a%a(a4aAaBaEa_abacalapayazaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaab b1b;bCbLbMbQbRbZbbbhbibkblbqbrb}b~bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbcc c ccccc.c4c>cBcMcNcQcTc_cmcyczccccccccccccccccccccccccccccddddd#d'd-d9d>d?dCdDdNdOdTdbdedfdpdqdudvdydzd~dddddeeIfRf_jnjjjjjkkkkkkkkHnMnnnooloyooopqqqss5tFttt4vFvbvhvwwuxxxy yy"y-y~~JRSXց܁0;<EƂ%OYZdǃ4@EMfqr{{NW278;<BGSTX[efprxƇ·Ӈۇ !/0569>@KVW^`enqrxy|}ĈňʈˈψЈ؈ڈ݈ވ#$,-;@JKPRVW_ch}ĉʉ̉щى݉މ $%*389CFJKPT]^iʊъ #$'(0:=DGHR^`aiu|Ëċɋڋߋ !&-015@GKOVX]jqxy}~Ōʌˌ֌׌ތߌ $&1FPRabilwxʍЍ#$02:;>JLMTY`dl}ÎʎԎՎڎێގhop}Əˏ2:(/08;CY\kx͑ΑՑݑ  !$%./34=>GKQRV[_ehilptuz{}’ÒƒǒҒ֒ߒ #$*:EGRT^`ln{}“œƓ˓͓ғד!")-56;<EFPX\gk|ʔΔϔٔܔ #.078<=DEIJPXaekmqzʕЕѕؕݕ *57=>EFIJSW^_cdijlqwy}͖ӖԖؖݖ )05=BEMR\env}Ɨ̗͗ӗVdhmՙۙ!X])4mr˛͛ӛԛۛݛ$pwx̜ל؜ߜDSszž˞  cfmtgn;IKXYghqu|ʡˡҡ+5BCMOU"#-SaʤҤ esȥ(/@DUaciԦimnrOW`gzԩߩ>Hly}ܫs{TbUct{CNZgi{}¯ǯЯ֯߯ly@G±ӳ޳߳167<Ugiwyfnѵ"#$h{=>?B`aMRVW_`S;<ABPQ bcmnKL  SaNOPTV#[#''LWQWWWXXvZ{Zddee^llm{r{02υх26hmݙX] oz#%0rt(bcԦOW:HUѵ "8W"SLN`m\]06DL\l333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333- x ,/W/ddp qAqqgܐPY2C+|ϫܫY` bL$'N&N7HR1l 8i{z Yc}~f^`o(() ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.^`o(,,^,`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJ QJ ^J o(hHo  ^ `OJ QJ o(hH  ^ `OJQJo(hHll^l`OJ QJ ^J o(hHo<<^<`OJ QJ o(hH  ^ `OJQJo(hH^`OJ QJ ^J o(hHo^`OJ QJ o(hH808^8`0o() ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.^`o(. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.1l$'c}~N7{Fh2        b                 FE_er2t3`2I;#J/Tf \  h8 t 7 W g b kAeFP]a (0t7 eJL0Ei|8Q?W3'.uH !]!T"#j#P$1%(&oL&-X&r}( )])_-mb-u-.A/I/Y0]d0\}0 1C192l3@4N4{ 6@:Z:{:<<<<GM<-=q=-=2>t@<\AAjAB CaVD$EcvF8J9JxJLXLqLLHM=mMOAODPcPTQ2R;PSoTxT24U Vm!WXQXm YIYYYNZR]Vz^!_ _iD_63`pQ`2a/b;qbxbydfde"Fe1goh> iR8i!j0Vl'zl?m DmNmymnp`q rX9s>t6u5u|= ,b{ (pc,`2EE)aubL~Z Ht=wQuU;7&}m%p&X^dQoMw 3I&L?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345789:;<=?@ABCDEJRoot Entry F`K\LData 1Table[WordDocument4xSummaryInformation(6DocumentSummaryInformation8>CompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q