ࡱ> !#  ^:bjbj$$ F|F|.0/#####$$$$Pj$%L$Wb%&LT&T&T&(6),b)RWTWTWTWTWTWTW$[u^~xW#z)(("z)z)xW##T&T&6W4333z)~#T&#T&RW3z)RW33PUT&hKI-fS&>WW<WS_^/`_HUU_#FVz)z)3z)z)z)z)z)xWxW3.z)z)z)Wz)z)z)z)_z)z)z)z)z)z)z)z)z)$ ": Summary Article 49 of the Rules of Procedure requires the Executive Secretary to submit to each session of the Executive Council a report on the work accomplished since the previous session. This document presents the activities carried out by the Secretariat and by the Member States since the 27th Session of the Assembly up to May 2014. It documents the oral presentation of the Executive Secretary to the plenary session of the Council. Decisions proposed: The Executive Council is invited to take note of the Executive Secretarys report on the implementation of the Commissions Programme since the last session of the Assembly and to consider approving decisions referenced EC-XLVII,Dec.3.1 in the Provisional Action Paper (document IOC/EC-XLVII/2 Prov.): II. Revised Terms of Reference of the GEBCO Guiding Committee and III. Recognition of the the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) as a GOOS Regional Alliance.  Overall assessment Like the rest of UNESCO, IOC has undergone a difficult year with a decrease in the budget accompanied by a restructuring of the Secretariat. The absence of the Emergency Funds during the present year has made programme implementation even more problematic. While we have been able to maintain a reasonable level of activity, it has not been possible to operate at optimum level in any of the programmes. In terms of changes, IOC Offices were also moved from the Bonvin annex to the Fontenoy building during the month of March 2014. IOC is now implementing a new Medium-Term Strategy (MTS) and since this report covers two Medium-Term Strategic Plans with different structures, the reporting is drafted under the headings approved as functions in the current Medium-Term Strategy, 20142021 (IOC/INF-1314). Fostering ocean research to strengthen knowledge of ocean and coastal processes and human impacts upon them [Function A: Ocean research] The IOC is the leading agency of the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine environmental Protection (GESAMP) WG40 Sources, fate and effects of micro-plastics in the marine environment: a global assessment. During the last workshop (London, July 2013) it was noted that there has been a general surge of interest in microplastics in the past five years. With the increased interest, it was also realised that there remains considerable uncertainty about inputs, fate and effects of microplastics. The next workshop is scheduled to be held in Seoul, Republic of Korea from 22 to 25 July 2014. The conclusions of GESAMP WG40 will be presented at the Second International Ocean Research Conference in Barcelona (Spain) in November 2014. The IOC is also acting as an advisory body on potential plastics projects funded by the European Union Joint Programming Initiative on Oceans (EU JPIOceans). Ocean acidification (OA) is an emerging global concern and is a risk to marine biodiversity, ecosystems and human society. In terms of new research and networking the IOC is co-leading the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) which is aimed to coordinate and improve ocean observation to detect the impacts of ocean acidification. The GOA-ON Executive Council met in Paris on 2628 May 2014 to develop a roadmap and the implementation plan. The IOC is also member of the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) based at the IAEA marine laboratory in Monaco. Other actions related with dissemination of IOC activities on Ocean Acidification include the organization of side events at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP19 held in Warsaw in November 2013 and the European Commission Group on Earth Observations (GEO) GEO-X in January 2014, as well as the preparation of a TV film for the Second International Ocean Research Conference in November 2014. IOC support to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) continued in 20132014, at a reduced level. IOC responded to different requests from WCRP related to: (i) changes in the memberships of the Joint Scientific Committee, which IOC has recommended being more geographical and gender balanced and also to keep the oceanography as a core discipline represented in the Joint Scientific Committee; and (ii) selection of a new WCRP Director. The IOC also hosted the International Polar Partnership Initiative meeting in February 2014 (see Agenda Item 6.4). The International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) launched the biggest global sea surface CO2 data set on June 2013. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) v2 is an outstanding product of the international marine carbon research community which provides access to synthesis and gridded CO2 products for the oceans surface. Version 2 of SOCAT is an update of the previous release (version 1) with more data (increased from 6.3 million to 10.1 million surface water CO2 values) and extended data coverage (from 19682007 to 19682011). Assembling this dataset has been a major undertaking by sea-going marine carbon scientists from across the world for the last four years. The IOC has led several side events to international conferences as mentioned above, and is a co-convener of the 3rd International Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change in the Worlds Ocean (Santos, Brazil, 2327 March 2015). Building on its advocating role and its contribution to new science on climate change, UNESCO with assistance from IOC is providing leadership and advice to the organization of the next UNFCCC/COP21 (Paris, November 2015) and has formulated a number of key proposals for consideration of the French authorities and the UNFCCC. In the field of coastal adaptation, a technical expert mission took place in December 2013 in Congo and Gabon with a view to assessing the extent of coastal erosion problems faced by these two countries, and identifying strategies and coastal adaptation measures that could be implemented to mitigate related impacts. In a growing effort to distinguish between natural and human-induced earth system variability, the IOC is paying attention to sustained ocean time-series measurements. Shipboard biogeochemical time-series programmes provide the oceanographic community with the multi-year, high-quality data needed for characterizing ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystem variability and have taken a renewed importance as they represent one of the most valuable tools that scientists have to characterize and quantify ocean fluxes and their associated links to ecosystem functioning in a changing ocean. The IOC organized two Time Series Workshops in November 2012 and in February 2014 within the frame of the Korean Ocean Carbon Sources and Sinks project. One of the key outcomes of this workshop was the development of a global time-series network compiling more than 160 ship-based time series, to improve coordination and communication among institutions compiling marine biogeochemical time-series and also the establishment of a core group of IPs leading time series programmes (International Group for Marine Ecological Time Series IGMETS). Nutrient over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems is a major environmental problem globally, contributing to problems such as harmful algal blooms, dead zone formation, and fishery decline. Yet, quantitative relationships between nutrient loading and ecosystem effects are not well defined. The IOC Nutrients and Coastal Impacts Research Programme (N-CIRP) is focussing on integrated coastal research and coastal eutrophication, and linking nutrient sources to coastal ecosystem effects and management in particular. A key component in the implementation strategy is a three-year Joint UNEP-IOC Global Environment Facility (GEF) Project Global foundations for reducing nutrient enrichment and oxygen depletion from land-based pollution which was launched in March 2012. As part of the implementation strategy for N-CIRP, IOC also actively participates in a UNEP led Global Partnership on Nutrient Management (GPNM) with intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and governments. In pursuance to Decision 5.5.2 adopted by the IOC Assembly at its 27th session (Paris, 26 June5 July 2013), the IOC established the open-ended Intersessional Working Group to further review and improve the Global Ocean Science Report (GOSR). IOC Circular Letter No.2506 was sent in January 2014 with 17 Member States responding and nominating a total of 29 experts. In mid-March the Working Group initiated its work to provide advice on the direction and priorities, taking the broader ocean science communitys view and advice on the potential effectiveness of the GOSR. The 2nd International Ocean Research Conference (IORC), to be organised by the IOC, the Oceanography Society and hosted by the Fundacio Navegacio Oceanica, will be held in Barcelona (Spain) from 17 to 21 November 2014 (HYPERLINK "http://www.iocunesco-oneplanetoneocean.fnob.org/" \t "_blank"http://www.iocunesco-oneplanetoneocean.fnob.org/). The five-day Conference will provide an opportunity for the scientific community to come together to plan the coming decade of international collaboration in marine science and technology, with a view to improving ocean governance. The IOC Sub-Commission for Africa and the Adjacent Island States (IOCAFRICA) has initiated the development of a proposal for a Core Coastal Observing Capability for the African Ocean Observing System taking into account the previous work, including the Regional Ocean Observing and Forecasting System for Africa (ROOFS-AFRICA). A special session on Ocean Observations and services for human and economic security in Africa is planned by IOCAFRICA in partnership with the Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research at the International Conference on Oceanography organized by the University of Calabar from 12 to14 November 2014 in Calabar, Nigeria. A Forum on Operational Oceanography for IOC Group V is planned for October 2014 with support from the Republic of Korea. A Latin-America Integrated Coastal Area Management Project Proposal to be submitted to GEF (GEF-LA-ICAM) is being prepared by IOCARIBE in close cooperation with the IOC/ICAM programme specialist and the UNDP GEF International Waters. The main objective is to enable the Latin American region to collectively protect and manage its coastal and marine environment through inter-governmental and inter-sectoral partnerships. The GEF contribution amounts to $10,000,000 with $52,000,000 co-financing by Member States. The IOC Sub-Commission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (IOCARIBE) acknowledged with satisfaction the completion of the Sustainable Management of the Shared Living Marine Resources of the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem and Adjacent Regions (CLME), a $58 million GEF-funded project, as well as the preparation of the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystems Strategic Action Programme and its technical approval by the CLME Steering Committee of its Strategic Action Programme (SAP). By June 2013 the SAP had been endorsed by ministers of 21 countries. The CLME Strategic Action Programme implementation project was approved by the GEF Council in 2013 and it is already included in the Council Workplan. The Project Preparation Grant was released and the full size project is expected to receive a $12.5 million support from GEF by the end of 2014. This is an interagency effort jointly with UNDP. IOCARIBE has strengthened its co-operation with UNEP and other UN agencies, particularly in the GEF-financed Integrating Water, Land and Ecosystems Management in Caribbean SIDS (IWEco) project, where the IOCARIBE Project "Demonstrate Approaches for Nutrient and Sediment Reduction at Selected Pilot Study Areas in the Wider Caribbean, is one of the key components. Maintain, strengthen and integrate global ocean observing, data and information systems [Function B: Observing system / data management] The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is co-sponsored by the IOC, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), and the International Council for Science (ICSU). The GOOS Steering Committee (SC) did not meet since June 2013, but has remained active through an Executive made up of the SC co-chairs, GOOS panel chairs, and the representative of the GOOS Regional Alliances (GRAs). As reported to the IOC 27th Assembly in 2013, the full GOOS work plan, focused on sustaining present observations, expanding to new biogeochemical and biological parameters, and developing increased observing and information capacity, is not fully supported by the IOC regular programme budget. Priority has therefore gone to sustaining the ongoing activities of GOOS focused on observation of physical parameters, with less resources than available for the GOOS Biogeochemisty and GOOS Biology and Ecosystems panels. Monitoring statistics of the status of the insitu networks contributing to GOOS shows a relatively stable status reflecting continued Member State investment, with full core coverage by Argo floats, the surface drifter network coordinated by the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP) edging back to full coverage after a period of problems with short drifter lifetimes, completion of repeat hydrographic stations and continued maintenance of tide gauge stations. The coverage of the Tropical Pacific Ocean by moored instruments (the joint US-Japanese TAO-TRITON array) remains at less than 50% as reported by the Executive Secretary to the 27th session of the IOC Assembly (2013). This gap in coverage comes as mild El Nio conditions are emerging in the Pacific, and forecast models largely predict El Nio conditions in the Pacific with a peak later in 2014 (see more in paragraph  REF _Ref263094408 \r \h 24). GOOS Programme coordination activities have been facilitated through improved communication tools for the ocean observing community, with the launch of a quarterly GOOS Update (ioc-goos.org/update) and a monthly webinar series focused on sharing information with the ocean observing community (ioc-goos.org/webinar). Announcements are being sent out on a dedicated email list (ioc-goos.org/join). The GOOS physics panel (formally the GCOS-GOOS-WCRP Ocean Observations Panel for Climate, OOPC) held its 16th session on 35 September 2013 (Washington DC, USA), seeking guidance on drivers and priorities from sponsors, revising its Terms of Reference, and developing a work plan for 20132018. The major elements of this work plan are to review existing and consider new ocean Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) and Physics Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs); develop and evaluate the design of ocean observing systems, considering developments in applications and technologies through workshops and evaluation exercises; and identify and address gaps in the sustained observing system such as boundary currents, the deep ocean, and observations in coastal and shelf seas. The OOPC recognized a need to improve the observation coordination at a regional level, and engaging with GRAs and also the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC), particularly on issues such as coastal inundation and freshwater fluxes. The OOPC developed templates for Essential Ocean Variables and Observing Networks for GOOS which are now being used by all the panels in a systematic approach. The GOOS biogeochemical panel activities are being led by the IOC-Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP,  HYPERLINK "http://www.ioccp.org" www.ioccp.org), which allows for leveraging of additional GOOS funding to perform work more efficiently than with a new panel. For biological and ecosystem sustained monitoring needs, GOOS is in the process of establishing a new panel, cooperating with existing initiatives such as the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observing Network (GEOBON) and IOC's Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS). Australia (specifically, the Australian Institute of Marine Science and the University of Western Australia) has recently announced the creation of an in-kind support position for the GOOS Biology and Ecosystems Panel, with a minimum commitment of two years. GOOS and the European Commission GEOWOW project (see paragraph  REF _Ref263101223 \r \h 29 below) sponsored the First Technical Workshop for Biology and Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry Panels (Townsville, Australia, 1316 November 2013), with the following objectives: (i) identification of major scientific and societal challenges that require sustained observations of ocean biogeochemistry variables; (ii) identification of candidate biogeochemical and biological/ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs); (iii) defining the state of readiness of set requirements, existing observing system elements and existing data streams for all proposed EOVs on the various frequency and resolution levels; and (iv) identifying monitoring activities and projects to practically implement the biological and biogeochemistry recommendations in the GOOS Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), the Panel for Integrated Coastal Observation (PICO) Plan and the upcoming update of the Global Climate Observing Systems Implementation Plan. The workshop resulted in draft EOV specifications for biogeochemical variables which are available on the IOCCP website. The readiness of biological/ecosystem EOVs is at a lower level due to the complexity of these systems. Making data about the human footprint in the ocean (from climate change, fishing, pollution, structures, etc.) for ocean biological and ecosystems research was considered a priority. GOOS has developed the concept of Projects to advance the readiness of requirements, observations, data management and information. A "Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS) for 2020" workshop (2730 January 2014, La Jolla, USA) was attended by 65 invitees from 13 countries and 35 institutes. There were various invited talks based on 14 whitepapers and 9 agency presentations and extensive time for discussion. NOAA announced its goal to restore the TAO array to 80% data return by the end of 2014. The workshop recommended the establishment of a TPOS 2020 project (as a GOOS project), which would oversee the transition to a more resilient and integrated observing system to meet the identified gaps as well as future needs as they are identified. The goals of the proposed TPOS 2020 project are: (i) to refine and adjust the TPOS to monitor, observe and predict the state of El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and advance scientific understanding of its causes; (ii) to determine the most efficient and effective method for sustained observations to support prediction systems for ocean, weather and climate services of high societal and economic utility, including underpinning research; (iii) to advance and refine the knowledge of the predictability horizon of the tropical Pacific variability (physical and biogeochemical), as well as its impacts in global climate; and (iv) to determine how interannual to multi-decadal variability and human activities impact the relation between marine biogeochemistry and biology to carbon budgets, food security and biodiversity. More information about this project will be presented at a side event at the IOC Executive Council. GOOS Regional Alliances (GRAs) are a major vehicle for the GOOS programme to achieve its goals at the regional level. While meeting physically only at a GOOS Regional Forum about once every two years (last meeting: May 2013), quarterly teleconferences have allowed the GRAs to work actively and independently in the sharing of best practices and in mutual assistance in observations, data sharing and management, the provision of services, and in management and advocacy of sustained ocean observing systems within a national and regional context. The GRAs often have strong coastal ocean observing components. There is no identified IOC regular programme funding for a Regional Forum in 2015, which will have to be organized with outside funding sources. The GOOS SC is recommending the approval by the IOC Executive Council of the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) as a GOOS Regional Alliance (see Section J below for the background and proposed decision). The GOOS SC will meet on 2426 July 2014 (Barcelona, Spain). The meeting will focus on developing a strategic mapping of GOOS linking societal drivers, the scientific context, Essential Ocean Variables, observing elements, and data and information systems, developing the interfaces between GOOS and other global processes, reviewing the physics, biogeochemistry, and biology/ecosystems panel work plans and challenges, developing guidelines for the association of projects with GOOS, improving the best practices work of the GOOS Regional Alliances and clarifying national, regional, and global contributions to GOOS, and providing guidance on communications, fundraising, and developing capacity. The JCOMM Observations Programme Area (OPA) provides important implementation coordination for GOOS. The OPA Coordination Group met on 57 September 2013 (Washington DC, USA) and worked on reviewing the architecture of the observing network data management systems and their flow into IOC and WMO data management systems, promoting standards and best practice, developing links to ocean glider operators, links to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)-IOC-WMO Joint Task Force for submarine cable observations, and the management of the JCOMM Observing Programme Support Centre (JCOMMOPS). JCOMMOPS has continued its technical support and coordination of insitu observing networks with its two former IOC/UNESCO coordinators now WMO employees (due to a large portion of funding from US voluntary contributions). The French hosting of JCOMMOPS is planned, through agreement by the IOC and WMO, to move from Toulouse to Brest, France by the end of 2014, improving opportunities for coordination with national and European in situ networks (see Agenda Item 3.2.2). The three-year European Commission Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) interoperability for Weather, Ocean and Water (GEOWOW) project will end in August 2014. GEOWOW has contributed to the development of ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables for GOOS, as well as enhanced the GOOS contribution to the GEO Blue Planet task. Its major contribution has been the development of data infrastructure for ocean assessment, specifically the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (See paragraph 60 below), allowing for interoperable sharing of data compatible with the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) and GEO/GEOSS Common Infrastructure, and the potential for sharing algorithms as well as data behind ocean ecosystem indicators. The WMO-IOC-ICSU-UNEP Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) underwent a review in 2013. The review found that GCOS should continue, that it was indispensable, but that it would benefit from a more succinct mission statement. The review proposed that a revised Memorandum of Understanding between its sponsors should reflect the environment in which GCOS operates today. It found that sponsors should increase the visibility of GCOS, and that the programme should develop a more strategic approach to capacity building in partnership with other organizations. These recommendations will result in proposed decisions at future IOC governing body sessions. During the 27th Session of the IOC Assembly a Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Government of India and the IOC for the establishment of the International Training Centre for Operational Oceanography (ITCOocean) in Hyderabad, India. The Centre will operate as a contribution to IOC's training and capacity development activities mainly in the Indian Ocean rim countries. It will initially cooperate with the IODE programme and focus on establishing a regional training centre as part of the new OceanTeacher Global Academy. It will participate in the joint organization of training events by exchange of lecturers, the use of telepresence and video conferencing technology based lectures among others. The Partnership Centre for the IODE Ocean Data Portal, established at Roshydromet (Russian Federation) was inaugurated in Obninsk on 10 September 2013 by the IOC Executive Secretary. The second session of the IODE Steering Group for the IODE Ocean Data Portal was held in Obninsk between 10 and 12 September 2013. On 28 August 2013, the private company Esri donated 50 user licenses of ArcGIS online to the IOC Project Office for IODE, to assist with IODE training activities and to strengthen the new IODE/ICAN (International Coastal Atlas Network) project. During the period JulyDecember 2013 IODE organized five training courses. On 2 October 2013, during the OceanTeacher Digital Asset Management course held in Mombasa, Kenya, IODE invited a trainer to lecture using video conferencing between Alexandra, Virginia, USA and Mombasa, Kenya as a first test of the OceanTeacher Global Academy concept. On 2 November 2013 the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States joined IODE as its first Associate Data Unit (ADU). At its 22nd Session IODE adopted the concept of the IODE Associate Data Unit through Recommendation IODE-XXII.16.The IODE Associate Data Unit is intended to bring in the wider ocean research and observation communities as key stakeholders of the IODE network, taking into account the growth of ocean research and observation programmes and projects and the ability of these projects to establish data systems. ADUs can be projects, programmes, institutions or organizations that manage oceanographic data. ADUs will not replace National Oceanographic Data Centres but should contribute to the objectives of NODCs. Between January and May 2014, five institutions and two organizations joined IODE as ADUs. The Reference Group of the 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE2) met in Qingdao, China in November 2013 and in Mauritius in March 2014 to discuss the way forward with the planning for this important new initiative. Both events were attended by a large number of stakeholders and enabled the identification of a number of priority areas for action. IODE participated in the Qingdao meeting to ensure that data management would be included as a core activity, in order to ensure the management and long-term accessibility of IIOE2 data. The Caribbean Marine Atlas Review and Planning Meeting was held in Miami, Florida, USA between 10 and13 December 2013. The meeting reviewed the progress and lessons learnt of the CMA project (20112013) and also compared CMA1 with the African Marine Atlas. The meeting then discussed the planned CMA2 project which will contribute to two different development objectives: (i) reduction of the vulnerability of Caribbean Coastal Ecosystems and their associated goods and services to natural and anthropogenic hazards through improved ICZM; and (ii) sustainable management of shared Living Marine Resources (sLMR) in the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf Large Marine Ecosystems. The CMA2 project, funded by the Government of Flanders (Belgium) through the Flanders-UNESCO Fund-in-trust (FUST), has started in May 2014 and the Kick-off Meeting for the 2nd Phase of the CMA will be held in Miami, 2529 August 2014. IODE Officers met in Geneva, Switzerland on 2728 January. They revised the work plan adopted by IODE-XXII (March 2013) taking into account the UNESCO Regular Programme budget, allocated to IODE for the 20142015 biennium. They noted with appreciation that IODE was being considered, for the first time, as a cross-cutting programme, with budget allocations in all three Main Lines of Action. This was welcomed but called for a more organized resource allocation approach as each IODE activity should fit within the objectives of the IOC Main Line of Action within the UNESCO Programme and Budget (see IOC/IODE-Off-2014/3). On 3 September 2013 IODE published the IOC Strategic Plan for Oceanographic Data and Information Management (20132016) as IOC Manuals and Guides No. 66. ( HYPERLINK "http://www.iode.org/mg66" http://www.iode.org/mg66). In order to promote collaboration with other organizations IODE participated in the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) Annual Meeting (Nanaimo, Canada, 1120 October 2013) and 39th International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centres (IAMSLIC) Conference (Hollywood, Florida, 2024 October 2014). It also participated in the 3rd Research Data Alliance (RDA) meeting held in Dublin, Ireland on 2628 March 2014. The RDA vision is researchers and innovators openly sharing data across technologies, disciplines, and countries to address the grand challenges of society thereby offering to the IODE community access to new emerging technologies and linkages to other science disciplines. The third Session of the IODE Steering Group for OceanDocs was held on 1721 March in Woods Hole, USA. The meeting noted the success in development of national as well as regional document repositories by Member States, and the excellent cooperation with the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centres (IAMSLIC). In a related development a tested website was established for the IODE/JCOMM Clearing House Service for Data/Information Management Practices, a document repository containing a wide variety of "best practice" manuals and guides related to oceanographic data and information management. It aims at enabling research groups that wish to start a new research project and want to prepare a data management plan to search and find methodologies that have been used successfully by other projects. (see  HYPERLINK "http://clearinghouse.iode.org" http://clearinghouse.iode.org). While the OceanTeacher project, supported by the Government of Flanders (Belgium) will end early 2014, the new OceanTeacher Global Academy (OTGA), also supported by the Government of Flanders through the Flanders-UNESCO Fund-in-trust for the support of UNESCOs activities in the field of Science (FUST), will commence in May 2014. OTGA will be based on a network of Regional Training Centres (RTC) in Latin America, Africa, Indian Ocean and Western Pacific that will enable a better focus on local needs and will take into account language diversity. Between January and June 2014 all candidate centres that wish to host an RTC are being visited and assessed. India already established its centre in 2013 (ITCOcean). By May 2014 centres were visited in Colombia, Mozambique, Senegal and South Africa. With support from the Government of China, the ODINWESTPAC Regional Workshop was held between 46 March 2014 in Tianjin, China. With participants from Australia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Thailand and Vietnam, the meeting identified current data and information management resources in each Member State and developed a work plan related to a metadata catalogue, data portal, e-repository, quality management framework, data assimilation, and formal establishment of IODE data centres (see IOC Workshop Report No. 262). The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) works at the data and science interface. This large well-integrated, high-quality and ever more comprehensive database aids scientists in improving our understanding of the oceans living organisms and complex ecosystems. In 20122013, OBIS was cited 150 times in the scientific literature (source Google Scholar). At the third session of the OBIS Steering Group, a multidisciplinary scientific advisory task team was established to steer OBIS into future directions by providing advice on the OBIS science mission and priorities, and by identifying new directions, potential pilot projects and areas of development for data-driven research and its applications. The OBIS scientific advisory group will meet for the first time in Autumn 2014. Data from the 25 OBIS nodes are harvested every three months, quality controlled and integrated into a single central database and published online. During 20122013, 5.82 million species observations from 452 datasets were added to the central database. The new OBIS data enhancement task team has set up a requirement-driven process for guiding the development of new data standards, best practices and technical solutions building on the expertise within the OBIS community of practice. Related to improved data management practices, the 3rd session of OBIS steering group decided on the use of specific geographic and taxonomic quality control tools, the Integrated Publishing Toolkit developed by GBIF for easy transfer of data and metadata and for expanding to new data types. WESTPAC has been promoting the value of sustained ocean observations and services. The Indo-Pacific Ocean Forum on Charting the Future of Sustained Ocean Observations and Services was organized, with the financial support of the Government of the Republic of Korea, in Bangkok, Thailand from 25 to 28 November 2013. It provided a platform for marine scientific institutes, academics and operational agencies in the Indo-Pacific to take stock of the major achievements of WESTPAC in ocean observations and services, build and enhance networks, exchange strategic directions of their institutions, identify scientific and technical challenges within IOC mission and mandate and facilitate future collaboration with a view to furthering operational oceanography for improved services to the Indo-Pacific society. The forum concluded that there was a need for IOC to respond to the issue in a substantive manner. The forum offered advice to move IOC forward: (i) become an advocate for operational oceanography at the global level; (ii) enhance recognition by governmental decision-makers in the value of operational oceanography; (iii) rely upon the IOC regional subsidiary bodies as viable vehicle to promote operational oceanography regionally; (iv) take advantage of the opportunity to use operational oceanography to link global programmes to regions and enhance cooperation among Member States; and (v) encourage WESTPAC, in the light of its achievement over the past 25 years, to strengthen and/or enhance its efforts in the development of operational oceanography and associated capacity building activities in the Indo-Pacific region. IOCARIBE-GOOS was represented at the 5th and 6th GOOS Regional Fora. A database of all IOCARIBE Region coastal water level and meteorological stations has been developed and mapped. An initiative has been launched to improve the use of ocean data by decision makers. The IOCARIBE-GOOS Working Group of Experts will be established with the purpose of recommending priorities and actions required for the full establishment of a coordinated, integrated, interoperable and sustainable regional ocean and coastal observing system in the IOCARIBE region Develop early warning systems and preparedness to mitigate the risks of tsunamis and ocean-related hazards [Function C: Early warning and services] Since the 27th session of the Assembly the tsunami programme has continued to progress despite UNESCOs strained financial situation. The Tsunami Unit managed to keep the Intergovernmental Coordination Group (ICG) process for the four regional tsunami warning systems going last year through help from the UNESCOs emergency funds. The 10th session of Intergovernmental Coordination Group (ICG) of the North East Atlantic and Mediterranean Tsunami Warning System (ICG/NEAMTWS) was held from 19 to 21 November 2013 in Rome, Italy; the 25th session of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System ICG (ICG/PTWS) was held from 11 to 13 September 2013 in Vladivostok, Russia and the 9th session of the Tsunami and Other Coastal Hazards Warning System for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions ICG (ICG/CARIBE-EWS) was held from 13 to 15 May in St Thomas, USA. Several technical working groups under the ICGs met. The Seventh Meeting of the Working Group on Tsunami and other Hazards related to Sea-Level Warning and Mitigation Systems (TOWS-WG) was held on 1213 February 2014 in Paris, France. The three TOWS Inter-ICG Task teams have met and the Inter-ICG Task Team on Hazard Assessment Related to Highest Potential Tsunami Source Areas was finally able to meet for the first time on 24 September 2013 back-to-back with the meeting of the Tsunami Commission of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). A Tsunami warning exercise was carried out in Caribbean (26 March 2014). According to the registrations, over 220,000 people were signed up throughout the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (175,000 more than in 2013). Participants included 1,700 organizations and families (up from 481 in 2013 and 300 in 2011). During the exercise, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), the US National Tsunami Warning Center (US NTWC) and the Puerto Rico Seismic Network (PRSN) sent out over 31,500 emails to 2000 subscribers to the special CARIBE WAVE/LANTEX 14 notification service. In the Caribbean there has been a steady growth of the number of operational sea-level stations and six stations were recently installed through funds by the IOC. Portugal and Italy have announced that their national tsunami warning centres will be operational in 2014 and they will be ready to act as candidate Tsunami Watch providers for the NEAMTWS region. New tsunami warning products will be available in the Pacific in 2014, scheduled to officially commence on 1st October 2014. The South China Sea tsunami advisory centre continues to advance as part of PTWS. Progress has continued on the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and funding of $600,000 was committed to Tsunami Hazard Assessment in the Indian Ocean and for collecting eyewitness accounts and other information about the 1945 tsunami in the NW Indian Ocean (Makran area). The tsunami unit managed to obtain a special contribution of $130,000 from the UNESCO Emergency Fund towards the establishment of the Caribbean Tsunami Information Centre. Through extra-budgetary projects and partnerships IOC/TSU have also maintained activities related toward awareness and preparedness, among others: (i) EU DG ECHO supports activities in Haiti and Dominican Republic; (ii) Australia renewed its support for two years to the IOTWS secretariat; (iii) EU DG ECHO will support the coordination of the NEAMWAVE14 exercise; and (iv) the Jakarta UNESCO Office/IOTIC has recently managed to attract some support from an Indonesian and Malaysian Funds-in-Trust for specific projects. The ECHO projects in Dominican Republic and Haiti will increase scientific knowledge on the effects of the 1946 tsunami event in the north of the Hispaniola Island and will provide a solid base to evaluate tsunami inundation in Northern Hispaniola. It has already provided a detailed technical report on earthquake and tsunami scenarios for Northern Hispaniola with the assistance of knowledgeable experts. It is also providing school manuals approved by the Minister of Education in Dominican Republic. Overall the Tsunami Unit has organised and co-organised some 15 training activities. (For details please see the calendar at  HYPERLINK "http://www.ioc-tsunami.org" www.ioc-tsunami.org). On the horizon: (i) The first phase of Oman National Multi Hazard Early Warning System project (NMHEWS) will be coming to an end in 2015. The project will conclude with a major workshop in March 2015 where the Director-General of UNESCO is expected. It will also mark the opening of the NMHEWS in Oman and provide enhanced alert coverage for the NW Indian Ocean; (ii) ESCAP projects on coastal hazards and the Makran region will enhance national and local capabilities to deal with these threats; (iii) NEAMWave14 exercise on 2829 October 2014; (iv) the 10-year commemoration of the Indian Ocean Tsunami by the end of this year; (v) The 50th anniversary of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System in 2015, and (vi) 3rd UN-ISDR World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (Sendai, 1418 March 2015). While all the activities sound like things are going well, the situation is very challenging to manage. The Tsunami Unit has many temporary staff and is critically dependent on extra-budgetary funds. At the same time the unit is dependent on having a stable staffing situation in order to sustain the system coordination and preserve corporate memory. At present there is no permanent secretariat support for ICG/NEAMTWS. For the future it is essential that IOC/TSU receives Member States help and support in any possible way. As IOC is established by Member States, its programmes are decided by Member States and they serve Member States, it is also ultimately Member States responsibility to ensure funding. The JCOMM Services and Forecast Systems Programme Area has continued its actions in coordinating the development and standards for marine meteorological and oceanographic services. The Expert Team on Operational Ocean Forecast Systems is working on a guide which will serve as a tool for capacity development for new entrants. The GOOS Regional Alliances are also developing a modelling inventory for the same purpose. A close relationship is maintained with the GODAE OceanView ( HYPERLINK "http://www.godae-oceanview.org" www.godae-oceanview.org), the research coordination activity for ocean forecasting. For the Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) project, the focus is on improved understanding of the factors controlling HAB events and thereby to improve management and mitigation options. The scientific questions are addressed through the IOC-Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) research programme GEOHAB (Global Ecology and Oceanographcy of HAB), which has been in a productive period leading up to a synthesis conference held in Paris in April 2013 and which evaluated progress in our understanding over a decade and identified the major outstanding research questions in order to mitigate the effects of HABs. GEOHAB achievements are being synthesized and are published as special issues of scientific journals and as a Scientific Summary for Policy Makers. Another major outcome is the development of a new global approach to HAB research to meet societal needs in a changing world. This initiative following on from GEOHAB, and entitled GlobalHAB, will be developed and implemented jointly with SCOR. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is the most extensive human illness caused by harmful algae. The inability to conduct appropriate tests for the causative toxins leads to extensive closures of fisheries and lack of access to important food resources. Regions beyond those directly experiencing CFP are indirectly at risk via world-wide commerce in seafood. The Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB) has initiated the development of a global Coordinated Ciguatera Strategy involving IOC-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)-World Health Organization (WHO) and others agencies such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Strategy will include a focus on improving organism detection, sampling strategies, detection of multiple toxins and epidemiological data collection, reporting and assessments. Through two IPHAB Task Teams on Biotoxins and Algal Taxonomy, two working groups co-sponsored with the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and four regional IOC/HAB groups, the IOC is addressing specific needs for coordination, synthesis and advice on HAB observations, management and mitigation. A joint IOC-ICES-PICES (North Pacific Marine Science Organization) conference on HABs and Climate Change is being prepared and an international workshop with industry partners to identify research needs and solutions in relation to HABs and their potential impacts on desalination of seawater was held in Muscat, Oman, April 2014. The HAB-Algas Nocivas del Caribe (HAB-ANCA) Working Group organized an IOC Regional Science Planning Workshop on Harmful Algae Blooms in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (Mexico City, 2526 April 2013) with the sponsorship of Mexicos Ministry of Education. The Group published the book Ciguatera: Potential Risk for Humans: Frequent Questions in Spanish and English. The Group is also working on the developing of the Latin American portal on Harmful Algae. IOCARIBE participated in the meeting Harmful Algae in the Caribbean held in Vienna, Austria, 1114 February 2014. Support assessment and information to improve the science-policy interface [Function D: Assessment and Information for policy] IOC continues to follow closely the preparation of the World Ocean Assessment (WOA) report under the UN Regular Process. As requested by the UN General Assembly, the first World Ocean Assessment is to be completed by the end of 2014. It will provide a sound, scientific basis for decisions at the global level on the worlds ocean and seas, and a framework for national and regional assessments and management decisions. As an observer, IOC provides technical information and resources to the Group of Experts and attended its last two meetings (December 2013 and May 2014). IOC also provided financial support through a contribution from France to the development of the web-based clearing house mechanism of the WOA (through UNEP/GRID-Arendal). IOC will also provide some resources to assist the UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS) with the editorial process of the report. Selected chapters of the report will be made available to Member States in July and then September 2014 for comments. IOC is leading the implementation of the marine components of the Transboundary Water Assessment Programme (TWAP) funded by GEF. The project started in March 2013 with the establishment of an Open Ocean and Large Marine working groups. A second meeting of the two working groups took place at IOC in April 2014. The project will provide a number of core ecological, socio-economic and governance indicators for the marine environment (64 Large Marine Ecosystems and Open Ocean areas) using globally available datasets. In order to implement this project, IOC has created a partnership with a number of scientific institutions that are providing technical inputs and indicator-based products (NOAA, GESAMP, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), University of British Colombia, UNEP, World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC), Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES), amongst others). These assessment products will be available at the end of 2014 in the form of printed report and through the One-Shared-Ocean portal which is being developed. OBIS contributes to the science-policy interface by supporting global and local assessments and contributing data for global ocean decision-making. For example, OBIS data are used by Member States national reporting on the status of biodiversity for the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The first UN World Ocean Assessment, due by the end of 2014, will show the current status of global knowledge and gaps in biodiversity and ocean sampling based on OBIS. OBIS contributes directly to species conversation policies (e.g. Endangered Species Act, National Environmental Policy Act and the Marine Mammal Protection Act in the USA and the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive). In addition, OBIS contributes to marine spatial planning. For example, OBIS is recognized by the CBD as an important source of biological information for the identification of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) within and beyond EEZs. During 20122013, OBIS contributed to six regional EBSA workshops. In terms of advocacy the IOC-UNESCO has led a number of UN-Oceans organizations involved in the ocean and collaborated at the UNFCCC/COP19 in organizing a side event in order to raise the profile of Ocean Acidification. The IOC also co-led the preparation of the Ocean Acidification Summary for Policymakers (SPM) which was published in November 2013 and released a few days before the UNFCCC/COP19 (IOC/BRO/2013/5). This summary is an international assessment by a group of experts of the latest ocean acidification research presented at the worlds largest gathering of experts on ocean acidification ever convened. The SPM received a lot of attention from the media. It was translated into French and Spanish. Thanks to our colleagues from the Republic of Korea, a version in Korean is available as well. The translation of the document will generate a higher visibility and increase the sensitivity. The Blue Carbon Initiative, established in 2011 by the IOC, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Conservation International (CI) works to develop management approaches, financial incentives and policy mechanisms for ensuring the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of coastal blue carbon ecosystems. The IOC is highly involved in the Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group, which provides the scientific foundation for the Blue Carbon Initiative by synthesizing current and emerging science on blue carbon and by providing a robust scientific basis for coastal carbon conservation, management and assessment. Priority research of the Scientific Working Group functions in close partnership with the Initiatives Policy Working Group. The improvement of the mapping of wetlands will be the main scientific aims for the Scientific Working Group within the Blue Carbon Initiative. The group met in Paris in November 2013 and a milestone of this group was the recent publication of the Field Guide for Carbon Accounting in Mangroves, Sea Grasses and Tidal Salt Marshes. De-oxygenation is a global problem in coastal and open regions of the ocean, and has led to expanding areas of oxygen minimum zones and coastal hypoxia. The recent expansion of hypoxia in coastal ecosystems has been primarily attributed to global warming and enhanced nutrient input from land and atmosphere. In the coming decades and centuries, it is foreseen that de-oxygenation will increasingly stress aquatic ecosystems in a way that is currently ignored on the global scale, but admitted as only local problems. The IOC supported the 46th International Liege colloquium (May 2014) Low oxygen environments in marine, estuarine and fresh waters and a theme session addressing the problem is included in the Second International Ocean Research Conference in Barcelona in November 2014. Expanded human uses of the ocean exert tremendous pressures on marine ecosystems. Combined effects of climate change and other stressors were reported in marine productivity, biodiversity, species distribution, bio-invasions and fish stocks. IOC is working to understand and quantify the effects of stressors on the marine ecosystems goods & services and on social-ecological systems at the regional and global scales. The LME programme and the IOC auspices project IndiSeas are developing ecosystem indicators which are increasingly being used as proxies to evaluate the status of the world's exploited marine ecosystems subject to multiple stressors in a changing world in support of an ecosystem-based management approach. The IOC activities are aimed to identify indicators with a focus on modelling and comparative studies and their potential to inform ocean management in the future. Following a two-year project funded by the Moore Foundation on Marine Spatial Planning, a new set on international guidelines on Evaluating Marine Spatial Plans (IOC Manual and Guide N70) have been published and launched on the occasion of the European Maritime Day (19 May 2014). The MSP concept advocated by IOC is based on a process that brings together multiple users of the ocean including energy, industry, government, conservation and recreation to make science-based and coordinated decisions about how to use marine resources sustainably. Through the planning and mapping process of a marine ecosystem, planners can consider the cumulative effect of human activities on the ocean. The intended result of MSP is a more coordinated and sustainable approach to how our ocean is used ensuring that marine resources and services are utilized, but within clear environmental limits to ensure marine ecosystems remain healthy and biodiversity is conserved. An assessment of capacities available for marine sciences in Africa, including the assessment of UNESCO Chairs was undertaken in 2013 with support from the Republic of Korea. The report will form the basis of a capacity development plan to be considered by the next session of IOCAFRICA. An assessment of possible regional nodes for the OceanTeacher Global Academy project in Kenya, Mozambique, Senegal and South Africa, is ongoing. IOCAFRICA in collaboration with the University of Cape Town (SouthAfrica), University of Ghana, and the Kenya Meteorological Services are organizing the African Summer School on Application of Ocean and Coastal Data and Modelling products from April September 2014, with funding from the Flanders (Belgium) UNESCO Science Trust fund. Other IOC programmes (GOOS and IODE) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) have assisted in development of the programme and identification of trainers. Enhance ocean governance through a shared knowledge base and improved regional cooperation [Function E: Sustainable management and governance] The Southeast Pacific data and information network in support to integrated coastal area management (SPINCAM) project, funded by Belgium (20132015), coordinated by IOC and the Permanent Commission for the South Pacific (CPPS), has lately focused on the development of an harmonized methodology to design a new set of indicators to be developed at regional and at national level to support the development of a cumulative impact index and mapping in the region. The Steering Committee of the project that met in Santa Marta, Colombia (December 2013) agreed to develop a common set of indicators on population dynamics, efficiency on traditional fisheries sustainability, coastal infrastructures, key coastal ecosystems, coastal economy and coastal vulnerability to inform the implementation of national and regional coastal management policies. SPINCAM training activities have taken place since July 2013 and include an e-repository training course organized in cooperation with IODE and CPPS, in Guayaquil, Ecuador (May 2014), as well as course on atlas and information system development in Santa Marta, December 2013. In terms of networking, SPINCAM is currently strengthening the institutional and scientific networks in the Caribbean, with the participation of CPPS, Colombia and Panam in the second phase of the Caribbean Marine Atlas, and the new Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Project to enhance regional coastal and ocean governance. The Government of Flanders (Belgium) has enhanced its support to the Integrated Coastal Area Management Programme by seconding an expert in the person of Mr Alejandro Iglesias-Campos to the programme, for the period 20132015. The People for Ecosystem-based Governance in Assessing Sustainable development of Ocean and coast (PEGASO) project, funded by the European Commission Directorate General Research and Innovation (DG RTD) under the 7th Framework Programme, ended in January 2014. PEGASO was successful in delivering important scientific results, but also in strengthening existing networks in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. One of the main characteristics of PEGASO was to work at the interface between science and policy providing opportunities for scientists, practitioners, and decision-makers in the field of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICAM) for dialogues and debates. PEGASO has also developed a number of tools to fill some of the existing gaps and in particular those related to the assessment of cumulative impacts on natural habitats deriving from multiple sources of pressures, and those related to the need of aggregated different sources of data to produce information useful to support decision-making. One of the main outcomes of PEGASO in the last phase was the development of the Integrated Regional Assessment (IRA) of coastal and marine areas of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. The PEGASO IRA was coordinated by the IOC, and led to a publication (IOC Technical Series N111). In the framework of the Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) programme funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the preparation of a new Community of Practice Project for Large Marine Ecosystems which will be implemented by IOC, in partnership with NOAA, ICES, UNDP, IUCN, is being finalized and will be submitted to GEF in July 2014. Two consultation meetings were held at IOC in July 2013, and January 2014, with partners and LME stakeholders with a view to discuss project strategy, objectives and activities. IOC will provide the Secretariat of the Project and will lead the establishment of a Global network of LME practitioners through enhanced sharing and application of knowledge and information tools. In 2014, NOAA passed on to the IOC the responsibility of organising the LME Consultative Committee. A new planning committee led by IOC has been established to prepare the organisation of the 2014 LME Committee (811 July 2014) with NOAA, ICES, IUCN, GEF, and LME project representatives. Through international cooperation, OBIS is able to build a shared global marine biodiversity knowledge base for ocean governance. In May 2013, technical experts at the UN Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ) recognized OBIS as an appropriate mechanism for data and information sharing in areas beyond national jurisdiction, to support the selection of marine protected areas and environmental impact assessments and improve capacity building, benefit sharing and transfer of marine technology. In the follow-up to Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development, IOC has continued to engage in a number of UN processes related to the ocean. With regards to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), IOC is co-leading the UN Ocean Task Support Team (TST) mandated to provide scientific and technical information upon request to the Member States negotiating the formulation of SDGs. The TST prepared a policy brief on ocean and provided technical advice on potential ocean targets and indicators that could be integrated in a standalone ocean SDG. In 2014, IOC participated in two Open Working Group (OWG-8 and OWG-11) meetings in New York, the OWG being the body composed of Member States and tasked with preparing a proposal on the SDGs. Together with the Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS) countries, and the Global Ocean Forum, IOC organised a side event entitled: Towards a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on Ocean and Seas: Healthy, Productive and Resilient Ocean and Seas, during the OWG-meeting at the UN HQ. The event drew 125 participants from 50 Member States. IOC continues to be active through inter-agency mechanisms such as UN-Oceans whose new terms of reference were endorsed by the UNGA resolution 68/70 in December 2013. Through its renewed mandate, UN-Oceans will strengthen and promote coordination and coherence of United Nations system activities related to ocean and coastal areas. The UN Division on Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea has assumed secretariat function, and members will appoint a chair for each meeting of UN-Oceans. IOC chaired the first meeting of UN-Oceans which was held on 7 February 2014 in New York. The Strategic Plan (20142021) for the IOC Sub-Commission for Africa and the Adjacent Island States (IOCAFRICA), which was approved by the IOC Assembly at its 27th Session, has formed the basis for IOCs interventions in Africa. The Strategic Plan outlines how the Sub-Commission intends to achieve the IOC objectives, focussing on the priority issues such as climate change adaptation, water quality degradation, coastal erosion, coastal and marine hazards etc., and utilizing knowledge generation, capacity development, partnerships resource mobilization and public awareness and advocacy. The implementation of the project on Integrated Data and Information Products and Services for the Management of Ocean and Coastal Zones in Africa (ODINAFRICA-IV) continued with the development of Coastal and Marine Atlases, African Register of Marine Species, Library catalogues and literature repositories. Workshops were organized on: Coastal and Marine Atlases development; Marine Information Management and Websites development; Marine biogeography; and Ocean Data Portal Development. IOCARIBE continues its involvement and participation in the UN World Ocean Assessment following the recommendations of the World Assessment Workshop for the Wider Caribbean Region held in Miami in November 2012 with the participation of 25 countries and UN agencies. The WOA Pool of experts includes nearly 60 representatives from the Caribbean as of April 2013. As a follow-up of the IOCARIBE Training Workshop on Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM), held in Barbados, 1618 March 2011, whose main objective was to build the resilience of the economies of Caribbean countries mainly dependent on coastal tourism while using knowledge and expertise of the Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU) of Barbados to develop their capacity to manage coastal areas, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) and IOCARIBE in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Sub-regional Headquarters for the Caribbean organized The Expert Group Meeting on Implementing Rio+20: Integrated Planning for Sustainable Coastal Area Management in the Caribbean Region. The meeting was held at the ECLAC Sub-regional Headquarters for the Caribbean, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago on 1718 March 2014. It was attended by 29 participants from 12 countries. Special invitees from the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea regions also attended to facilitate inter-regional information exchange and peer learning. The meeting provided recommendations to be considered by SIDS in their forthcoming 3rd International Conference on SIDS (Samoa, September 2014), where the topic of ocean and seas and the Blue Economy is expected to figure prominently in the pursuit of sustainable development. Develop the institutional capacity in all other functions of IOC, as a cross-cutting function [Function F: Capacity Development] The IOC addresses Global Priority Africa through actions in the domain of marine sciences and operational oceanography, with a special emphasis on aspects dealing with the impacts of adaptation to climate change in the coastal zones and to enhance capabilities to safeguard marine resources. The IOC is developing the project Enhancing Oceanography capacities in Western Africa countries (funded by Spain) in the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) area. So far IOC has organized two workshops on Data availability and Upwelling and environmental indices in Dakar (September 2013) and Casablanca (April 2014) respectively. This project has rescued data from 18 different research surveys carried out in the CCLME and also has quality controlled the data from 90 surveys. A first product of this project is the inventory of the existing data-sets: a Directory of Atmospheric, Hydrographic and Biological data sets for the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem, is prepared for publication soon. A central role for the OBIS secretariat is to enhance Member States capacity to manage, publish, access and use marine biodiversity data. OBIS will provide specific training and technical assistance to its network of OBIS nodes from 2014 onwards as part of IODEs OceanTeacher project. Capacity-development activities are a cornerstone in the IOC HAB activities. The focus of the training courses and their location are demand driven and the courses have become widely recognized for training of scientists and regulatory agency people carrying out HAB monitoring. The majority of the course makes use of the OceanTeacher web-based learning platform and includes qualification by examination. These activities, at the regional and global level, and their long-term sustainability are greatly facilitated by long-term commitment of a network of Member State institutions. Despite diminishing financial resources from Regular Budget, WESTPAC has been spearheading marine science development and cooperation in the Western Pacific and adjacent regions. On the occasion of its 25th Anniversary, WESTPAC has been continuing its efforts, since the 27th session of IOC Assembly (Paris, 26 June5 July 2013), in the development, coordination and implementation of considerable activities across its three identified key thematic areas, namely: ocean processes in the Indo-Pacific region; marine biodiversity and food security; and ocean ecosystem health. WESTPAC has been endeavouring to develop the IOC Regional Network of Training and Research Centres on Marine Sciences with the IOC Regional Training and Research Centre on Ocean Dynamics and Climate having organized its third regular training on air-sea interaction and modelling (Qingdao, China, 1223 August 2013) with the participation of 34 trainees from within and outside the region. Consultations have been ongoing with other potential hosts for other regional centres with positive feedbacks received from Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Regular training opportunities have been developed and organised in WESTPAC Member States on a rotational basis in order to enhance the capacity of its Member States for conservation and sustainable development of their coasts and marine biodiversity and resources. Those activities over the last intersessional period include: Training Workshop on DNA Taxonomy in the Identification of Marine Organisms in Coral Reef Ecosystems (Bangkok, Thailand, 56 August 2013); Summer School on the Monsoon Onset Monitoring and its Social & Ecosystem Impacts (Terengganu, Malaysia, 1923 August 2013); Training Course on Sustainable Use and Conservation of Marine Ecosystems: Taxonomy of Soft Corals (Phuket, Thailand, 2426 September 2013); Training Workshop on Toxic Marine Organisms and their Toxins Technical guideline for Ciguatera study: experiences from Japan (Tokyo, Japan, 56 November 2013). The highlight of WESTPACs accomplishment over the last intersessional period was the successful organization of the 9th WESTPAC International Scientific Symposium, which took place in NhaTrang, Vietnam, 2225 April 2014. The Symposium was hosted by the Government of Vietnam, through its Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST). The Symposium featured six keynote speeches, 14 sessions, and 9 workshops structured around four themes: (1) Understanding Ocean Processes in the Indo-Pacific Region; (2) Ensuring Marine Biodiversity, Food Safety and Security; (3) Maintenance of Ocean Health; and (4) Cross-Cutting and Emerging Issues. Close to six hundred scientists, governmental officials from 21 countries actually participated in the Symposium. Fifty young scientists were funded from WESTPAC Young Scientist Travel Grant with the generous financial support of the Government of Vietnam, the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, and the State Oceanic Administration of China. Five scientists: Dr Fangli Qiao (China), Dr Suchana Chavanich (Thailand), Dr Yutaka Michida (Japan), Dr Nguyen Tac An (Vietnam), and Dr Yasuwo Fukuyo (Japan) received WESTPAC Outstanding Scientist Award 2014; Five young scientists: MrRyota Nakajima (Japan), MsIntan Suci Nurhati (Indonesia), MsNgoc Tuyen Nguyen (Vietnam), MrToh Hii Tan (Malaysia) and MrKazuya Takahashi (Japan) won the WESTPAC Best Young Scientist Award 2014; and one Research Directors Forum was convened and culminated in the adoption and signing of the Joint Directors Statement towards the attainment of the future we want: A Healthy and Safe Ocean for Prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. The Statement can be found at HYPERLINK "http://iocwestpac.org/news/392.html"http://iocwestpac.org/news/392.html. The First Sino-Africa Forum on Marine Science and Technology, organized by the State Oceanic Administration of China (SOA) and IOCAFRICA was jointly hosted by the Second Institute of Oceanography (SIO) of SOA and the Ocean College of Zhejiang University on 2627 November 2013 in Hangzhou, China. Forty-eight invited participants from China, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, the SouthAfrica, Tanzania, Togo as well as the secretariat of IOC and IOCAFRICA attended the forum. The participants identified common areas of interest focussing on strengthening the African capacities in marine sciences and agreed on the development of a 5-10 year China-Africa cooperative work plan to be discussed at the 2nd Sino-Africa Forum on Marine Science and Technology on 67 October 2014. Initiatives implemented by IOCAFRICA include: (i) Enhancing collaboration between the ocean and climate communities in order to improve climate prediction through incorporation of ocean data, implemented with the Intergovernmental Authority on Developments (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Application Centre ICPAC and the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association WIOMSA; and (ii) marine mammal survey undertaken with the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem project aboard the RV Fridjhof Nansen. IOCAFRICA in cooperation with JCOMM, GOOS, and IODE's OceanTeacher, with the support of the Government of Flanders (Belgium), has developed an African Summer School on Application of Ocean and Coastal Data and Modelling products which will take place in June (Accra, Ghana) and August (Nairobi, Kenya) 2014. Students will be asked to develop locally-relevant projects transforming available ocean data products into services for use in various applications. The lessons learned from this summer school will inform future capacity develop project proposals. The First IOCAFRICA Officers meeting was held on 5 March 2014 in Vacoas, Mauritius and approved a work plan for the Sub-Commission for 20142015. The meeting also accepted the offer of Nigeria to host the third session of IOCAFRICA on 810 October 2014 in Lagos, Nigeria. The IOC Sub-commission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions, IOCARIBE, participated in close cooperation with the Colombias IOC Focal Point Colombian Ocean Commission- CCO in an exhibition promoting IOCs activities in the Caribbean Region within the framework of the International Event Sail Cartagena de Indias 2014 on 1519 May in Cartagena, Colombia. Thousands of people visited the Exhibition and the sailing ships and vessels coming from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, the United States, Holland, Honduras, England, Mexico, Peru, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela gathered in Cartagena in an effort of strengthening international cooperation among nations sharing common interests related with the ocean. At its 27th Session, the Assembly, through Decision 3.3(III) requested UNESCO Director-General to consider restoring the current IOCARIBE Secretarys position as a full-time, Regular Programme, fixed-term post for the IOCARIBE Secretary in Colombia as a matter of priority. The full-time IOCARIBE Secretary position was budgeted as a full-time position in Cartagena in the fully-funded $653M budget scenario which implied a $12M allocation to the IOC. However, within the current allocation of $8.6M (or 72% of the fully-funded scenario) as contained in document 192 EX/16, this is not possible. Re-structuring of IOC Secretariat Within the context of the approved $ 507M expenditure plan for 20142015, and as part of structural changes proposed for the 37C/5 and reported to the UNESCO Executive Board at its 194th session (ref. 194 EX/3), the Secretariat of IOC at Headquarters is being restructured as outlined in the Programme and Budget for 20142017 and Workplans 20142015 document (IOC/EC-XLVII/2Annex3, para. 65-69). The new organizational structures are based on cost-effectiveness as a basis for efficient programme delivery and the achievement of UNESCOs Major Programme II expected results under a sharply reduced budget situation. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Revision of the Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure (TOR-ROP) of the Joint International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)-IOC GEBCO Guiding Committee: The current version of the IHO-IOC GEBCO Guiding Committee Terms of Reference-Rules of Procedure were last approved by the Executive Council at its 41st Session (Paris, 24 June1 July 2008). Since that time, the activities of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean (GEBCO) project have evolved, reflecting greater interest in mapping the seafloor by national and international organizations, governments and academia. The methods, procedures and technology to map the seafloor have greatly changed over the last five years, involving both shipboard methods and satellite remote sensing. The Guiding Committee perceived that a revision to the TOR-ROP was warranted in order to better involve IOC and IHO in GEBCO activities. Interactions with IHO and IOC during 2013 also indicated that a revision to the GEBCO Guiding Committee TOR-ROP would be timely. At the 30th meeting of GEBCO Guiding Committee in Venice, Italy on 11th October 2013, the revision process was started and was continued by a task team under the direction of the GEBCO Chairman. This final version of the TOR-ROP has been approved by a majority of the Guiding Committee and will be reviewed at the 31st meeting of the Guiding Committee held at the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB), Monaco on 1315 June 2014. In accordance with the current Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure of the Joint IHOIOC GEBCO Guiding Committee, the Executive Council is requested to consider the revised Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure (IOC/EC-XLVII/2 Annex 4 rev.), and to approve them. (Draft Decision EC-XLVII/Dec.3.1(III) in the Action Paper for the session IOC/EC-XLVII/2Prov.) Recognition of the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) as a GOOS Regional Alliance The GOOS Steering Committee reviewed (by electronic communication) a proposal from the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) to become a GOOS Regional Alliance (GRA), originally endorsed by the GOOS Regional Council at its Forum in May 2013. IMOS is a national system with a strong regional footprint. In the GOOS SC review of the request, it considered policy, precedent, benefits, and risks. TheGOOS Regional Policy 2013was approved by the IOC Assembly at its 27th session in July 2013. In its definition of GOOS Regional Alliances, the policy does not exclude national systems as GRAs, as long as they have a regional footprint (i.e., are involved in transboundary observing networks, provide information products and model output for the region, and promote the development of regional capacity). A GRA must be approved by the IOC Assembly or Executive Council, upon recommendation by the GOOS Steering Committee. There is precedent for national systems to be recognized as GRAs: the United States Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) is a GOOS Regional Alliance, decided by the IOC Assembly. At present however, all other formally-recognized GRAs are multi-national. The GOOS Regional Alliances have a long history of working actively and independently in the sharing of best practices and in mutual assistance in observations, data sharing and management, the provision of services, and in management and advocacy of sustained ocean observing systems within a national and regional context. The GRAs often have strong coastal ocean observing components. Broadening their number will increase the number of Member States engaged in the work of GOOS in an inclusive way, and national systems with a strong regional imprint are likely to have good contributions to the collective work of GRAs. Clearly, other large national systems with a regional presence may also request formal recognition as GOOS Regional Alliances, increasing their number in future years. There is a risk for some dispute between neighbouring GRAs over boundaries and shared responsibility. However it should be noted that the borders between existing GRAs overlap already, and GRAs are encouraged to set up informal or formal agreements with neighbouring GRAs. The GOOS SC reviewed these points; as well as evidence that IMOS upheld GOOS Principles and Guidelines, had a management structure that can deliver an integrated and sustained system by linking, enhancing and supplementing existing infrastructure and expertise in the region, had developed bilateral and multilateral cooperation, and contributed to the work of other neighbouring GRAs. In accordance with procedures outlined in the GOOS Regional Policy 2013 (IOC/INF-1308), the GOOS Steering Committee requests the Executive Council to approve Draft Decision EC-XLVII/Dec.3.1(II) given in the Action Paper for the session (IOC/EC-XLVII/2Prov.)     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