аЯрЁБс>ўџ 8:ўџџџ7џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСq`№П0EbjbjqPqP80::%џџџџџџЄŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ    8@ 4t   j” ” "Ж Ж Ж Ж Ж Ж ŸЁЁЁЁЁЁ$ŠhђTХŒzЖ Ж zzХŒŒЖ Ж кzXŒЖ ŒЖ ŸzŸ‹ŒŒзЖ ˆ Tљќ%Ю в`ЃŸ№0 Ћ,F2jFзFŒзШЖ "и № vЖ Ж Ж ХХœdЖ Ж Ж zzzz   „$ ф   $    ŒŒŒŒŒŒџџџџ Item 5. GOOS regional implementation and capacity development A contribution by Alexander Postnov How do GOOS Regional Alliances find value in the GOOS label? What do GRAs want from the global system? The GRAs in Eastern Europe consist of organizations reporting to various agencies. The national agencies involved in GRAs are hydromets, Academies of Sciences, Ministries of Science, Fishery Agencies. All of them have varying interests with and policies on the marine observations and prediction. In order to coordinate the ocean observations and prediction activities even at the national level, internationally accepted principles are important and can serve as guiding principles. In this capacity IOC/UNESCO and GOOS as its global programme provide guidelines for the majority of GRAs. Since geographical conditions and potential users of the GOOS data and product vary from basin to basin, GRAs apply only some of global (and thus very general) GOOS recommendations. Some of GRAs confine their activities to observations and data exchange, others (especially those which are short of open-sea observation facilities) more rely on oceanographic models yielding operational products for the whole sea or its parts. For this reason the GRAs usually have to revise/adjust the global guidelines issued by the global GOOS bodies to make them more applicable to the regional conditions. So a short answer to the question is: the global system helps the GRAs with their internal (both national and regional) cooperation and provides a general methodology for the GRAs activities. What does the global system want from GRAs? The global ocean observing system is made of the regional observing systems run by GRAs. Since GRAs often include non-governmental organizations, governments can not directly affect their activities. For the same reason, the global system represented by GOOS global bodies (like GOOS SC) which are intergovernmental by nature, can not viewed as the GRAs supervisor. So, the global GOOS bodies can expect GRAs to follow their recommendations in general with possible modifications as better applicable to the given region. In this respect it is advisable that GRAs periodically inform the GOOS SC on their activities and future plans so that the requirements of the GRAs can become available for analyses by the GOOS SC. Is the GOOS Regional Forum an effective mechanism for exchange and building of capacity? Should the GOOS Project Office concentrate on capacity development in particular GRAs? At present, the GOOS Regional Forum seems to be the only mechanism for exchange of experience and capacity among the GRAs operating in various regions of the world. A GRA capacity building usually integrates the capacity building efforts of the individual national organizations comprising the GRA. The national organizations are often supported by the governments (including funds for measuring equipment procurement and personnel wages) or by international bodies (like, European Commission or Global Environmental Facility) but through scientific not operational projects. This means that the GRA observation and forecasting activities are limited in time by duration of the relevant research project and thus lack sustainability in providing services. Naturally, the GOOS Project Office can not help the GRAs in funding their capacity building and/or activities. However, it can help by providing international experts to consult the given GRA in planning its activities. Can common threads of work be found amongst the GRAs as a focus to develop capacity-building programmes? coastal forecasting? cheap and robust coastal sensors and platforms? A common thread for connecting activities of all GRAs could involve technologies of observations (e.g., sensors and platforms), data dissemination and assimilation, selection of models for real-time monitoring and forecasting and product delivery. A special common theme is the GRAs experience in data exchange policies, identification and responding the user requirements. Coastal applications and coastal user needs can be identified, but those users are seldom interested in the outer boundary ocean measurements which are needed to support coastal applications. Most users and government agencies do not recognize the need of the adequate observational infrastructure until an event or emergency brings attention to it. However the ocean observing systems cannot wait for these events, the systems must be ready to provide information at the time of need. Fundamentally, governments fund the systems, so governments must be convinced of the value of the systems, perhaps through user acceptance, but more likely through international agreements. This agreements give the governments a statutory obligation to provide marine observation information. In this connection, GRA data and products could become major contributions to implementation of UNEP regional conventions for marine environment protection, for example. The same is true for GRA potential role in evolving Regular Process for Global Marine Assessment. Capacity – building programmes are essential for strengthening inter- GRA ties on a large region basis (e.g., among Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea GRAs in Europe). Those programmes can be run by GOOS Project Office in collaboration with the IOC Regional Bodies.     PAGE  PAGE 3 >bcЪоўa i  % ; V X g p    Ђ А Б ї     ? ѓцжЧЗЋЧœœЋœ~ЋrЋ~œc~c~TcTcTch*$=h(;џCJOJPJQJh*$=h“dПCJOJPJQJhq™CJOJPJQJh*$=hд:сCJOJPJQJh*$=hq™CJOJPJQJh*$=hdu'CJOJPJQJh*$=CJOJPJQJh*$=hч_ 5CJOJQJ\h*$=hч_ CJOJPJQJh*$=h*$=6CJOJQJ]h*$=hїJоOJQJaJh*$=h*$=OJQJaJ>bcЪu 67cМ7чхУФrЊ№свввввввввУввввУУвввв$„єdh`„єa$gd>DZ$„єdh`„єa$gd*$=$„єdh`„єa$gd*$=$„єdh`„єa$gd*$=D§§? 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