ࡱ> \^[ '2bjbj<< 3L^^* 8 ,7,jc( r buuuuuuuCw__L0,v uv CuC :    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ________________________ INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (OF UNESCO) ________________________Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission For Oceanography And Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) Observations Programme Area Coordination Group (OCG) Fourth Session Hobart, Australia, 18-20 April 2011 OCG-IV/Doc.  FORMTEXT 4.1.2 v. 3 (19.IV.2011) ______ English only Challenges and Issues for the Ship-of-Opportunity Programme (SOOP): Programme Review submitted by Gustavo Goni Performance Measured Against Requirements The JCOMM Ship Of Opportunity Programme (SOOP) produces oceanographic sampling from (mostly) merchant ships, using mainly eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBT), but also of eXpendable Conductivity Temperature Depth (XCTD), Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP), ThermoSalinoGraphs (TSG), and Continuous Plankton Recorders (CPR). Presently, only the XBT programme is based on recommendations from international and regional panels, presented at OceanObs09, and involves repeat sampling at more or less regular intervals along pre-determined routes (transects). There are three modes of sampling that are transect dependent: Low Density (LD, 12 transects per year and 4 XBT deployments per day), Frequently Repeated (FR, 12-18 transects per year and 6 XBT deployments per day), and High Density (HD, 4 transects per year, 1 deployment every 10-50 km). Only transects in FR and HD modes were recommended by OceanObs09. LD transects were discontinued as their type of sampling was expected to be replaced by Argo float observations. However, no study was carried to support this type of transition. The international community reviewed the XBT network during the OceanObs09 Meeting in September 2009, in which several new XBT transects, mostly in High Density mode, were recommended in addition to the already in place recommendations. XBT observations continue to complement observations from Argo and from other platforms, and to provide opportunities to obtain concurrent temperature profiles to aid observations obtained from other platforms, such as TSGs and ADCPs. Specific TSG transects were not recommended by the scientist tasked with reviewing the underway ocean observations. The accomplishment and maintenance of the recommended transects are highly dependant on ship traffic, recruitments, budget, and scientific and operational needs However, similar to the VOS, the SOOP is currently encountering problems in achieving its objectives primarily because of continuous unforeseen ship movements resulting in route changes or the suspension of trade on some routes. Some of the main changes that occurred during the last two years are linked to the more emphasis given to the implementation of XBT transects in high density mode, which data are largely used by the scientific community. Approximately 22,000 XBTs are deployed every year, of which roughly 15,000 are transmitted in real-time and ingested into operational data bases. There are approximately 40 ships participating in the maintenance of the XBT network and 30 ships transmitting TSG data. Data reporting and monitoring becomes crucial to assess performance. Data Collection & Exchange Most of the XBT observations transmitted in real-time undergo an automatic quality control process Quality controlled delayed-mode XBT data supplied by XBT Operators are distributed by NOAA/NODC and by Coriolis. Metadata from XBT observations are critical, particularly for current studies of XBT fall rate equation. Metadata for TSG observations is also critical, particularly the calibration coefficients for delayed-mode data quality control. There are several data acquisition systems used, with NOAA SEAS and the Australian Devil systems being the most popular. It has been shown that data accuracy is not dependent on the system used. Measurement Standards & QC Issues Data transmitted in real-time go through different quality control procedures depending on their transmission method. It has been suggested to standardize these procedures, probably making them similar, if not identical, to the temperature profiles provided by profiling floats for Argo. Real-time monitoring of TSG data are routinely performed using the quality control guidance provided by the Global Ocean Surface Underway Data (GOSUD). The identification of anomalous TSG-derived salinity data may help identify problems such as biofouling. Logistics & Resources Problems associated to ship traffic and routes makes it extremely difficult to achieve the desired sampling goals on some transects. A few recommended transects, such as PX50 (New Zealand to Chile) and AX18 (South Africa to Buenos Aires/Montevideo), have little if any commercial traffic trading on the route. These transect are sometimes replaced by substitute lines until ships are found for the actual recommended transect, as in the case of AX17 (Cape Town to Rio de Janeiro) being done instead of AX18 (Cape Town to Buenos Aires/Montevideo). In addition, funding issues are critical to the achievement of objectives. For example, the FR transects in the North Pacific were dropped during 2010; and the South Indian Ocean FR and HD transects (currently maintained by SIO and funded by NOAA) are at risk of being dropped because of funding issues. Although very difficult to estimate it could be stated that this Program needs approximately 80% of additional funding (in addition to solving other logistics issues) in order to accomplish the recommendations presented by the international community. A large number of XBTs deployed by non-US agencies are the result of donations from the US (NOAA), thereby making the operation highly dependent on the continuing support of one single institution. However, this international collaboration has translated during the last two years into the implementation of previously not implement by recommended transects in the Atlantic Ocean. International collaboration is key to the success to the implementation of the XBT network, where the operations are related to ship recruiting, deployment of probes, data transmission, data quality control, and archiving. Web tools to monitor real-time data flow into the GTS from XBTs (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/GTS/XBT/) and TSG (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/GTS/TSG/) continue being used. Other sites, such as  HYPERLINK "http://goos142.amverseas.noaa.gov/db/xbtplotapp.html" http://goos142.amverseas.noaa.gov/db/xbtplotapp.html permit the monitoring of SEAS transmissions into the GTS. These tools are routinely used to monitor and track the deployment of XBTs and of TSG observations. However, they are restricted to data only transmitted into the GTS. NOAA/NODC and Coriolis are the repository of all XBT observations and they coordinate the delayed-time data management. Support for a high quality delayed time data processing done by the GTSPP program is needed to take full advantage of this large upper ocean temperature data set. Use Of The Data & Data Users SOOP addresses both scientific and operational goals for building a sustained ocean observing system. XBT observations represent approximately 20% of the upper ocean thermal observations. The main objective of XBT observations are linked specifically to the three modes of deployment. Data along fixed transects are of critical scientific value and used to (1) investigate for example intraseasonal interannual variability in the tropical ocean (Low Density mode), (2) measure seasonal and interannual variation of volume transport of major open ocean currents (Frequently Repeated Mode), and (3) measure meridional heat transport across ocean basins (High Density mode). XBT data are also used to initialize operational climate forecast models. The extent to which these data are used and their impact in the models needs to be assessed and will be a subject of discussion in the upcoming (July 2011) XBT Science Workshop Sea surface salinity from TSGs are not currently being used for initializing models, which generally use sea surface salinity observations from Argo floats alone. Capacity-building Requirements Several tools, including installation and operation manuals continue being updated as reference for crew members and ship riders to operate XBT equipment and for technicians to install and maintain TSG equipment. Through international collaboration, XBT probes and equipment donations, the goals of the XBT network continue to be met for the high density mode of deployment. Potential New Technology Improved and new technologies keep being incorporated in the SOOP operations, such as autolaunchers for different types of XBTs. Iridium satellite XBT and TSG transmissions have been tested and are being implemented in several transects. Studies are currently underway to explore the possibility of creating an XBT probe that will have pressure switches and more precise temperature sensors that will allow to resolve depth and temperature biases. The SOOPIP recommends that WMO and the international scientific and technical panels support this effort. Ideas For The Way Forward The community should assess the possibility of using a unique XBT launcher and acquisition system to save costs associated with research, development, and maintenance. WMO is migrating away from the traditional alphanumeric codes (TAC) to table-driven codes, thus eliminating the familiar BATHY message in favour of the BUFR format. The community has defined the final version of templates for the various products being migrated to best accommodate both data and metadata, whilst serving the needs of data producers and users. The advantages of BUFR over TAC are numerous: expandability, self-description, flexibility, packing, quality flags. As a general rule, a new parameter will not involve software changes, but rather the creation of a table for the parameter that contains a list of descriptors. This will greatly simplify the task of introducing new parameters and considerably reduce development time. The proposed BUFR templates include fields that are not currently collected as part of the routine operational procedures but are nevertheless recommended by metadata groups such as META-T. The operational community will have to change the data collection procedures and implement changes to the data acquisition in order to fully utilise the new BUFR templates capabilities for expanded and necessary metadata. As we move into the future, new ideas will need to be proposed and developed in order to create a new observational platform and/or new methods that will be able to produce similar or improved observations than those obtained from XBTs. 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