ࡱ> hjg 6bjbj<< 3J^^f.  wwwww8$0N''''; GC0E0E0E0E0E0E025bE0wO''OSE0yww''Z0yyyW w'w'C0yOC0yy-ww/ςԈc./Lp000.65y5,/yw/OOO =:    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ________________________ INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (OF UNESCO) ________________________Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission For Oceanography And Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) Observations Programme Area Coordination Group (OCG) Fourth Session Hobart, Australia, 18-20 April 2011 OCG-IV/Doc. 2.2.2 (14.XX.2011) ______ English only Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) submitted by Ian Barton Executive Summary The Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) is the international expert group for the provision and application of the highest quality Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data to global user and research communities. GHRSST offers a suite of global high-resolution SST products, operationally, in near-real-time, on a daily basis. To maintain the high quality of the various SST products it is essential that the Group has access to in situ ocean surface data provided by a range of accurate instruments located on diverse platforms, over a wide range of climates. Drifting and moored buoys provide a wealth of surface data, but lack continuous calibration and provision of the important metadata required for accurate validation of the GRHSST products. These latter requirements can only be provided by instruments on research vessels and ships of opportunity. This submission to the JCOMM Observations Programme Area Coordination Group provides a brief introduction to GHRSST, summarises the approach that GHRSST uses to provide quality indicators for its products, and concludes with a set of recommendations for the OCG to consider, which addresses GHRSST requirements for improved in situ SST measurements for satellite data validation. Introduction The Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) started in 2002 as one of the pilot projects of the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE), and is now the main expert group of users and providers of satellite SST data (Donlon et al., 2007). A new generation of high-resolution (< 10 km) global SST products and services, which have a demonstrated positive impact on ocean and atmospheric forecasting systems, are now provided by GHRSST in near-real-time on a day-to-day basis. Looking forward, GHRSST will continue to improve the quality and provision of high-resolution global SST data. Further information on GHRSST can be found at  HYPERLINK "https://www.ghrsst.org" https://www.ghrsst.org . The group coordinates the harmonisation of a wide variety of SST data streams from satellite and surface based sources that are shared, indexed, processed, quality controlled, analysed and documented within a Regional/Global Task Sharing (R/GTS) framework implemented in an internationally distributed manner. Large volumes of data (currently over 25Gb per day) are harnessed by data services to deliver global high-resolution SST datasets together with meaningful uncertainty estimates for each measurement or analysis grid. Research and development within GHRSST continues to tackle problems such as instrument calibration, algorithm development, diurnal variability, skin temperature deviation, and validation of GHRSST products. Analysis products together with SST anomaly fields are generated each day as part of an ensemble approach to improving analysis systems and providing confidence in analysis outputs. Diagnostic data sets are provided via a web interface to assist in monitoring the quality of the SST retrievals and analysis products at a large selection of critical places in the global ocean. Major causes of errors in the GHRSST products The derivation of SST from satellite measurements faces two major problems. First, the infrared and microwave signals must pass through the atmosphere before being measured by the satellite instruments. The transmission through the atmosphere is affected by the concentration and temperature of widely variable atmospheric constituents, especially water vapor. Secondly, the temperature of the upper ocean surface (depths of ten of microns) can be different from that just below the top layer as measured by a ship or buoy instrument. The upper surface layer (tens of centimetres) can also be affected by solar heating under light wind conditions in which the mixing of the upper ocean layer (metres) is suppressed. It is possible to partially address these problems with in situ measurements (of temperature profiles) from ships, floats (Argo), buoys and moorings. These issues are discussed in the next sections. Current uses of in situ data within GHRSST The current use of ship-borne SST data within GHRSST is to some extent limited and falls mainly into two categories. First, radiometric temperature measurements from SI traceable infrared radiometers mounted on ships of opportunity are used as a primary reference data set for infrared sensors that provide a retrieval of the skin SST, such as AATSR or the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Second, more conventional ship-based kinetic temperature measurements from engine room intakes obtained via the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) are used in many of the Level 4 analysis products. The GHRSST also uses the large volume of surface measurements of SST provided by drifting and moored buoys and other ocean platforms GHRSST radiometer and in-situ data calibration programme Over the past twenty years members of the current GHRSST community have participated in intensive measurement programmes to inter-compare infrared radiometer measurements and to asses their performance by comparison with in situ measurements. Barton et al. (2004) and Rice et al. (2004) report on a successful radiometer inter-calibration off the coast of Florida during 2001. Analysis of data from a recent inter-comparison organised by the CEOS community is currently underway. In future it is recommended that these inter-comparisons should also include as many ships of opportunity as is possible. Enhancements of radiometric ship data required by GHRSST Currently there are two vessels carrying high-quality infrared radiometers that provide regular measurements of the oceans skin temperature. More of these instruments need to be deployed as they provide the most accurate validation of the satellite-derived SSTs. When the GHRSST community has access to more radiometers then Ships of Opportunity will be needed for their deployment. Ships carrying these radiometers also need to provide radiosonde measurements that give the atmospheric temperature and water vapour concentrations above the ship at times of satellite overpass. This type of measurement is currently only done on the University of Miami programme in the Caribbean Sea. Enhancements of other in situ data required by GHRSST Operators of ocean platforms that provide in situ measurements of SST to the GHRSST program need to ensure that initial calibration of their devices is carried out to ensure high data quality. Continuous inter-comparison and cross-calibration is also required to ensure continued data quality. Where possible operators also need to provide comprehensive meta-data to allow the accurate application of their measurements in GHRSST. These extra measurements include wind speed, history of wind speed, air temperature and humidity and insolation. Where such data are not available meteorological analysis fields may assist with data applications. An accurate measurement of the depth of SST measurement is also required. Care is required with hull mounted ship systems as measurement depth can vary with ship speed. The GHRSST project would like to establish closer links to the OCG to address these issues, as improved instrument calibration and uncertainties of SST data from all marine platforms would benefit a number of areas within the GHRSST SST validation programme, especially - - through the provision of additional ship-based radiometric skin SST measurements. - by identifying other platforms that can provide reliable temperature measurements and encouraging initial calibration and ongoing quality control. - by encouraging the developers of ocean instrumentation to include measurements of near surface (0-2m) temperature profiles. Argo floats and all buoys have the potential for this enhancement. - through a reanalysis program. It is well known that the coverage of drifting buoys has increased with time while the coverage of ships has decreased (see for example Reynolds et al., 2002). However, ship data will be extremely useful to the GHRSST reanalysis project to reprocess satellite data records back to 1981, as they provide the largest potential source of reference data in the 1980s. - assisting with diurnal warming studies. In principle, ships and some buoys could offer coincident measurements at multiple depths to assist in studying near-surface stratification, including diurnal variations. Although there are significant practical problems (relating to perturbation of the stratification by the ship itself) with no obvious solution at present, the possibility of obtaining such measurements does merit further study. - and finally; the GHRSST SST data are now of a quality that enables these data to be used to quality control SST measurements from all oceanic platforms. Recommendations To maximise the impact and benefit of existing and future SST measurements from all in situ platforms, GHRSST recommends that the OCG considers: Adding the provision of radiometric skin SST data to its portfolio of VOS measurements. Ships that participate in such a measurement programme should also maintain a radiosonde capability. Ensure that ships and other platforms currently providing high quality in situ data where possible expand their provision of meteorological meta-data. Wind speed, history of wind speed, air temperature and local humidity are the most important. Measurements of near-surface temperature profiles should also be encouraged. Enhance the capability of ARGO floats, drifting buoys and moorings to measure temperature profiles in the top 2 meters of the ocean. Where possible a regular accurate calibration of in situ data instrumentation is carried out, preferably against a standard that is traceable to an SI measurement. Establishing a working group to collaborate with GHRSST to better define requirements for measurements of SST from marine platforms, and to identify new opportunities that may assist with a more uniform coverage of the global oceans. Planning to obtain ship of opportunity participation in future SST measurement inter-comparison experiments. Encourages JCOMM data providers to use the GHRSST data set to assess the accuracy and performance of their SST measurement instruments. Summary In summary, GHRSST now provides a suite of operational global high-resolution SST products in near-real-time on a daily basis. GHRSST also provides long-term SST climate data records covering the satellite era from 1981 onwards. GHRSST would like to work with the OCG to improve the quality and quantity of SST and associated meteorological and oceanographic data made available to the GHRSST program for data validation and quality control. The OCG is invited to consider the above recommendations as the first step in this process. References Barton, I. J., et al., 2004. The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration and Intercomparison. Part II: Shipboard Results, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 268-283. Donlon, C., et al., 2007. The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment High-resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1197-1213. Rice, J. P., et al., 2004. The Miami2001 infrared radiometer calibration and intercomparison: 1. Laboratory Characterization of Blackbody Targets, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 258 267. 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Executive Summary Introduction2 Major causes of errors in the GHRSST products/ Current uses of in situ data within GHRSST= GHRSST radiometer and in-situ data calibration programme= Enhancements of radiometric ship data required by GHRSST: Enhancements of other in situ data required by GHRSST Recommendations Summary References Title Headings  8@ _PID_HLINKS'Ahz/https://www.ghrsst.org 5  !"#$%'()*+,-/0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefiRoot Entry F9փԈkData &1Table.6WordDocument3JSummaryInformation(J(DocumentSummaryInformation8_CompObj` F Microsoft Word 97-2004 DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8